Doctoral students are increasingly adopting generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools in their daily academic activities. However, it remains unclear how GenAI influences doctoral training, particularly in terms of supervisory and peer interactions within PhD programmes. This qualitative study investigated the impact of GenAI adoption on…

In this article, it is shown how item text can be represented by (a) 113 features quantifying the text's linguistic characteristics, (b) 16 measures of the extent to which an information-retrieval-based automatic question-answering system finds an item challenging, and (c) through dense word representations (word embeddings). Using a random…

Evaluators often find themselves in situations where resources to conduct thorough evaluations are limited. In this paper, we present a familiar instance where there is an overwhelming amount of open text to be analyzed under the constraints of time and personnel. In instances when timely feedback is important, the data are plentiful, and answers…

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) have been shown to be highly effective at promoting learning as compared to other computer-based instructional approaches. However, many ITS rely heavily on expert design and hand-crafted rules. This makes them difficult to build and transfer across domains and limits their potential efficacy. In this paper, we…

Natural Language Processing (NLP) offers methods for understanding and quantifying the similarity between written documents. Within the testing industry these methods have been used for automatic item generation, automated scoring of text and speech, modeling item characteristics, automatic question answering, machine translation, and automated…

Professional and lifelong learning are a necessity for workers. This is true both for re-skilling from disappearing jobs, as well as for staying current within a professional domain. AI-enabled scaffolding and just-in-time and situated learning in the workplace offer a new frontier for future impact of AIED. The hallmark of this community's work…

This article describes the development process of the Thai cultural knowledge graph, which facilitates a more precise and rapid comprehension of the culture and customs of Thailand. The construction process is as follows: First, data collection technologies and techniques were used to obtain text data from the Wikipedia encyclopedia about cultural…

Large Language Models (LLM) -- powerful algorithms that can generate and transform text -- are set to disrupt language learning education and text-based assessments as they allow for automation of text that can meet certain outcomes of many traditional assessments such as essays. While there is no way to definitively identify text created by this…

This study is a follow-up to previous research conducted in 2012 on computer-assisted language testing (CALT) that applied a survey approach to investigate the use of technology in sign language testing worldwide. The goal of the current study was to replicate the 2012 study and to obtain updated information on the use of technology in sign…

Encouraging teachers to reflect on their instructional practices and course design has been shown to be an effective means of improving instruction and student learning. However, the process of encouraging reflection is difficult; reflection requires quality data, thoughtful analysis, and contextualized interpretation. Because of this, research on…

In this article, we discuss ethical issues related to using and disclosing artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT and other systems based on large language models (LLMs), to write or edit scholarly manuscripts. Some journals, such as "Science," have banned the use of LLMs because of the ethical problems they raise concerning…

This study investigates the potential of automated classification using prompt-based learning approaches with transformer models (large language models trained in an unsupervised manner) for a domain-specific classification task. Prompt-based learning with zero or few shots has the potential to (1) make use of artificial intelligence without…

Background: Teachers often rely on the use of open-ended questions to assess students' conceptual understanding of assigned content. Particularly in the context of mathematics; teachers use these types of questions to gain insight into the processes and strategies adopted by students in solving mathematical problems beyond what is possible through…

This paper systematically explores how Large Language Models (LLMs) generate explanations of code examples of the type used in intro-to-programming courses. As we show, the nature of code explanations generated by LLMs varies considerably based on the wording of the prompt, the target code examples being explained, the programming language, the…

When readers are asked to detect a target letter while reading for comprehension, they miss it more frequently when it is embedded in a frequent function word than in a less frequent content word. This missing-letter effect has been used to investigate the cognitive processes involved in reading. A similar effect, called the missing-phoneme effect…