Education for leisure is viewed as requiring an interdisciplinary approach that will educate persons to maintain positive personal values in both work and non-work situations. (GW)

This paper reviews evidence for and against imitation as a factor in the acquisition of syntax. It is concluded that the effects of imitation of children's speech are too pervasive to be dismissed as irrelevant. An important question is how a child extracts grammatical information from imitated sequences. (CHK)

Individualized learning is the only way to organize mathematics work, says the head of department at Christopher Wren School in London. (Editor)

Together, these studies replicate and extend Gordon and Spear's (1973a) findings that proactive interference decreases as the interval between prior and subsequent learning increases and that reactivation of a prior memory just before subsequent learning significantly increases the proactive interference due to the prior learning. (Author/RK)

The learning of backward associations by pigeons during training of forward associations was studied in three experiments using a symbolic matching task. The data are contrasted with the strong evidence of learning of backward associations by humans. (Editor/RK)

The method of transfer learning was manipulated in a study of proactive inhibition. Results suggest that the joint recall of two lists during transfer increases list differentiation and reduces competition between alternative sets of responses on the retention test. (Editor/RK)

A six-step treatment program for women who are inorgasmic during intercourse is described. Teaches women to associate orgasms brought on by manual clitoral stimulation with arousing thoughts about intercourse and vaginal containment of a dildo. Learning is generalized to vaginal containment of the partner's penis and thrusting movements. (Author)

Preliminary findings concerning crib card examinations, in which students bring their own notes for use during testing, show that while crib card test results were similar to those from traditional examinations, students' anxiety was reduced, and testing time was saved, claims that the cards may enhance learning were not substantiated. (MSE)

Infants were tested in three studies of the acquisition and long-term retention of category-specific information. Results document retention of category-specific information after intervals of two weeks. (PCB)

This study examined the effects of provided and generated questions during reading on recall of facts and concepts from descriptive passage for students in grades 5, 8, and 11. Provided conceptual postquestions significantly increased recall of main ideas and factual details. (LMO)

The author discusses research in human learning and describes the learning process as a process of experiencing the unfamiliar. She then explores how the universal aspects of learning relate to each other and what is meant by teaching. She concludes with a discussion of the relationship between learning and teaching. (CH)

Discusses the influences of cognitive psychology on instructional design. Metacognition, schemata, and stages of skill acquisition are described; tasks common to instructional design models are explained; a comparison of cognitive psychology and instructional design approaches to those tasks is presented; and implications for computer-based…

In the theory of learning, the psychological approach is predominant whereas the logic of cognitive learning has fallen into oblivion. Referring to these two approaches, the author specifies basic differentiations of the concept of learning and defines the main stages in the process of learning. (Author/BSR)

Addresses two empirical issues: (1) what are the observed characteristics of student question-asking? and (2) under what conditions do students exhibit questioning behavior? Reports the results of a study of question-asking in 27 classrooms and examines the conditions of student questioning which are related to student training, curriculum…

Wait time is the duration of pauses separating utterances during a verbal exchange. Paper reviews studies that involve wait time in a range of subject areas and grade levels. Wait time appears to foster higher cognitive level learning by giving teachers and students more time to think. (RB)