We investigated toddlers' understanding of the hierarchical syntactic configurations that constrain the referential meanings of reflexives and pronouns. In particular, reflexives must co-refer with the c-commanding antecedent within the local domain (Principle A) (e.g., He[subscript i] washes himself[subscript i]. John[subscript i] knows that…

The COVID-19 pandemic has notably increased the use of distance education, particularly in Türkiye's higher education English courses. Even after the normalisation process, compulsory English courses in Türkiye, the learners of which receive education in English for general purposes, are still being taught via distance education. Such a practice…

The use of AI-powered chatbots has recently been extensively examined for second language (L2) learning. While their positive effects have been widely reported regarding L2 English learning, studies involving less commonly taught languages (LCTLs) are scant. The current study incorporated an AI chatbot called Iruda in L2 Korean teaching, to…

The study was conducted to identify students' difficulties in speaking English and recommend strategies to cope with these difficulties so that their ability to speak English can be improved. The era of globalization requires students to be able to master English to keep up with current developments. Entering the era of free markets requires…

As artificial intelligence (AI) gains prominence, its integration into second language (L2)/foreign language (FL) instruction has become a significant trend. Despite the considerable promise of AI for L2/FL learning, more research is still needed on its effects on student academic engagement in literature classes and the corresponding emotional…

This study, inspired by Vision 2030 and Saudi education reforms, offers a comprehensive framework for teachers and educators. It identifies English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers' perspectives on online and in-person professional development practices (PDPs). Through the descriptive survey research design, data was collected from (N = 85)…

Purpose: This meta-analysis study aimed to determine the optimal level of talker variability in training to maximize second-language speech learning. Method: We conducted a systematic search for studies comparing different levels of talker variability in nonnative speech training, published through July 2024. Two independent reviewers screened…

Purpose: The current study examines bilingual children's development of Spanish and English morphosyntax structures over the period of 1 year. Identification of morphosyntax forms clustered by difficulty can elucidate their development and guide clinicians to select appropriate targets for intervention and monitoring. Specifically, we aim to…

The alignment between learning objectives and assessment practices is critical to effective language teaching and learning. This study explores the alignment between learning objectives and assessment practices in English classes at a public senior high school in Jakarta, Indonesia. Grounded in a qualitative case study using Bigg's constructive…

Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing the education landscape and has been widely applied to language teaching and learning. This study investigates the transformative potential of AI-driven Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools in enhancing writing proficiency, focusing on language precision, content summarization, and creative writing…

Purpose: While higher education has been encouraging interdisciplinary research, few studies have been conducted to understand how interdisciplinarity shapes the identity construction of scholars, especially doctoral students who may already strive to socialize into academia. Design/methodology/approach: Therefore, this study adopts the approach…

The growing diversity among test takers in second or foreign language (L2) assessments makes the importance of fairness front and center. This systematic review aimed to examine how fairness in L2 assessments was evaluated through differential item functioning (DIF) analysis. A total of 83 articles from 27 journals were included in a systematic…

Micro-credential language courses have gained significant attention in the field of language education due to their potential to offer targeted and flexible learning experiences. However, the successful implementation of these courses relies on understanding the perceptions of language educators and addressing the associated issues and challenges.…

This study aimed to explore the literacy interactions of deaf and hearing parents with their preschool children in Saudi Arabia. The participants were three sets of parents (six individuals) of preschoolers. Data were collected through home literacy observation, experience sampling method, and interviews. All participants endorsed learning through…

The TOEIC has emerged as the benchmark for assessing the English language proficiency and communication abilities of individuals whose first language is not English. Achieving a high score on this examination may prove challenging for them. While there have been numerous studies into metacognitive strategies towards reading comprehension, in the…