IN CONNECTION WITH RESEARCH INTO THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STANDARD ENGLISH AND THE NONSTANDARD DIALECTS OF THE URBAN GHETTOS, IT WAS FOUND THAT THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN THE RELATIVE DEPTH OR ABSTRACTNESS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS GRAMMATICAL RULES. IN MEMORY OR "SHADOW" TESTS, GROUPS OF NEGRO BOYS FROM 10 TO 14 YEARS OLD WERE HIGHLY MOTIVATED TO…

SPEAKING AN ORAL LANGUAGE AND SPEAKING A WRITTEN LANGUAGE INVOLVE DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE USE WHICH ARE IN TURN RELATED TO DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL METHODS AND DIFFERENT COURSES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. BECAUSE ORAL SPEECH RELIES ON CONTEXT FOR COMMUNICATION, A COMMON CONTEXT AND POINT OF VIEW IS ASSUMED BY THE SPEAKER TO EXIST BETWEEN THE…

The works cited on this extensively annotated bibliography represent approaches for understanding the language development of disadvantaged children. The subjects covered are bilingualism and dialectology, developmental influences (ethnic, family and home, instructional, and social and economic) and developmental status and processes (behavioral,…

This is a study of linguistic variability among social levels in West Germany and of the problems associated with doing such an analysis. The data, ordered according to sex and social levels, were collected from young children retelling narratives heard on tapes. The report represents a comprehensive study of the children's syntactic performance…

Situated on the Sierra Madre's western slope is Zacapoaxtla, one of the 222 municipios in the State of Puebla, Mexico. From prehispanic times, Zacapoaxtla has been a "region de refugio" where groups of American Indians cluster, isolate themselves from the rest of the world, and maintain their cultural traditions insofar as the national…

The purpose of this paper is to present a general overview of the linguistic setting of Arabic. Three main areas are covered. The first of these, diglossia, is defined in general terms and then examined more closely in relation to its historical development in Arabic-speaking countries (i.e., as resulting from geographic, socioeconomic, and…

This paper compares the tone systems of Vietnamese and English, with emphasis on the teaching of English as a second language. Rising, level, high, low, and falling tones are identified for English. Vietnamese has all of these except the last. While in Vietnamese, tones are predictable in the sense that tones and words go together, English tones…

The document is introduced by a summary of goals, activities, participants and other aspects of the institute. Chapter two, Background of Urban Adults, presents highlights of five lectures: African Heritage; Discovering Negroes in American History; Development of Urban Communities; Motivational Characteristics and Values of Urban Adults; and…

This volume is a collection of papers presented at the second annual meeting of the American Council of Teachers of Uncommonly-taught Asian Languages (ACTUAL) held in Boston, Massachusetts. The following papers are included: (1) "Passives as Reflections of Thought: A Case in Indonesian" by S. Dardjowidjojo, (2) "Acquainting Language…

Although there is a proliferation of educational programs aimed at improving language, there have been only meager attempts to produce measures for diagnostic and evaluative purposes. The project herein described is an attempt to devise a test that could be used: (1) to identify specific speech deviations of black ghetto students in order that…

This paper considers the differences in the initial education and financial situation between industrial and developing countries. Programed learning (PL) techniques and PS research cannot be taken over wholesale from industrial countries, but techniques have to be adapted and the emphasis of research has to be changed. These principles are…

A project in Washington, D.C., used classroom radio as a language arts tool to solve some of the classroom problems (i.e., lack of materials dealing with ghetto children, classroom discipline problems, and the inability of those unable to speak standard English to learn to read and write) which prevent disadvantaged, dialect-speaking children from…

Data from 33 teachers, responding on 12 semantic differential scales to 80 speech samples from 16 different kinds of children, were collected in a study of teacher evaluation of children's speech as related to race, sex, social status of the child, and topic of discourse, as well as to teacher race. A factor analysis was accomplished by use of a…

Units contained in this second volume of a spiral curriculum guide for English (See also TE 002 061.) are (1) An Insight into the Writing Process--Composition, 7-12; (2) A Program for Culturally Different, Underachieving, Low I.Q., Seventh Grade Students ("an approach to English conceived for the modern black American"); (3) Seventh Grade Program…

Developing test instruments for the Pattern Drills Program in the Pittsburg Public Schools has convinced the writer that the more test development activities and the teaching process reinforce each other, the stronger the program is. The Pattern Drills Program aims to develop bidialectism in non-standard English speakers by teaching standard…