When the context of instructional discourse maximizes the likelihood of interaction with preexisting knowledge structures, productive learning outcomes may be increased. In the present study, 44 undergraduate students who read a hierarchically structured text were asked to recall its contents immediately and again six weeks later. The generation…

This paper presents an overview of the philosophy, psychology of learning, teaching methods, and curriculum of the Waldorf Schools. Most Waldorf teachers are influenced by the esoteric form of critical idealism propounded by Rudolf Steiner. The child is considered by Steiner to be a spiritual being who has reincarnated on to earth in a physical…

Since the mid-1960s a new approach has dominated American research in the area of mathematics education -- information-processing theory. The author examines several examples of research in this new tradition and sketches the general features of an emerging information-processing psychology of teaching. Information-processing studies that employ…

The booklet lists and analyzes documents related to citizenship education from four sectors of society: business and industry, education, labor, and the voluntary sector. They were selected on the basis of their utility in providing an understanding of citizen education, and their influence on existing programs. Citizenship education is defined as…

This paper considers the relationships between mathematics, creativity, and the socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager. The aim is to ascertain better how to recognize the mathematically gifted student and then to pursue the question of how best to facilitate his or her learning of mathematics. Research and other literature are analyzed,…

The measurability of sensorimotor development in 60 severely retarded, institutionalized adults was studied, using the Piagetian concept of object permanence in a delayed recall paradigm that involved special apparatus. Results suggested, among other things, that severely retarded, institutionalized adults learn most efficiently when trained with…

DEVELOPMENT OF NON-MACHINE PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION ACCORDING TO STATE-SPECIFIED EDUCATIONAL GOALS AND TRADITIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES WILL ALLOW EFFICIENT, INDEPENDENT, CONTROLLED LEARNING, BUT MUST BE USED IN COMBINATION WITH CONVENTIONAL INSTRUCTION TO FORTIFY IN PUPILS THE FEELING OF COLLECTIVISM. EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH SEVENTH GRADE SHOWS…

Different groups of college students wrote one solution or many solutions to problems, like the plot-title problem, of verbal, numerical, and pictorial material. Instructions to write many solutions yielded solutions of lower mean quality, but more superior solutions. Information about criteria for good solutions raised quality. Large quantity was…

This document consists of excerpts from the journals of the 40 student participants in the Operation Fair Chance (OFC) project. OFC is a year-long program designed to provide effective teachers for lower economic areas through involving teacher candidates in the classroom at the start of the public school semester and having them work throughout…

The author describes our prime educational aim in Alaska as an effort to help the native to become an autonomous, productive member of the larger society which he is entering. To a certain extent, this is the aim of all teachers who are teaching English as a second language. They are teaching the culture that the language expresses at the same…

The two-phase study compared two methods of adapting self-instructional materials to individual differences among learners. The methods were compared with each other and with a control condition involving only minimal adaptation. The first adaptation procedure was based on subjects' performances on a learning task in Phase I of the study; the…

Even though response latency can vary greatly among subjects and from trial to trial for the same subject, latency as a measure of associate strength might be useful in connection with response frequency to measure degree of learning. The effects on latency and learning of two task variables--training procedure (anticipation vs. recall) and…

Because of the need to explore the dimensions of the teaching-learning process, this paper presents a systems' conceptualization of this process, describes an instrument for measuring the major classes of teacher-pupil influence behavior, and discusses data collected with the instrument. Teaching is viewed as human interaction within a series of…

This handbook gives advice to the adult learner on such problems as effectively concentrating and listening, improving reading skills, responsibly participating in group discussions, and taking tests successfully. Also included are discussions concerning adults' learning processes and efficient study habits. Concluding chapters deal with the use…

Although the study of learning theory can produce principles applicable to the design of instruction, virtually no instructional materials in existence today have deliberately been prepared on the basis of such principles. Terms used in four different learning theories--motivation, (Neal Miller); stimulus control (Skinner); distinctive conditions…