Examines the significant events in the history of mental health care that have contributed to the development of a specialty within the counseling profession referred to as mental health counseling. Discusses the development of credentials for the specialty and the issues currently facing mental health counseling, and offers a perspective on…

Describes rehabilitation counseling along with the required competencies of rehabilitation counselors in providing services to individuals with disabilities. Reviews the professional status of the discipline in terms of programs for educational preparation, professional associations, accreditation, regulation of practice, ethical mandates, and…

Objective: Psychosomatic medicine, also known as consultation-liaison psychiatry, received approval as a subspecialty field of psychiatry by the American Board of Medical Specialties in the spring of 2003. This represents a crucial step in the development of the field of psychosomatic medicine and recognition by leaders in the fields of medicine…

Through a tightly structured educational administration, the Communist regime centralized the governance of higher education institutions in 1949. Based on the state-control model, the Chinese state government extended its control by a two-tier system composed of vertical and horizontal components. Both components ran their own groups of higher…

This study investigates relationships between understanding of nature of science and four key factors elementary science teachers possess, which are: (1) Their specializations in different science areas (Physics, chemistry, and biology), (2) Gender issues, (3) How long they have been teaching in elementary school environments, (4) Their…

The future of subject librarianship is being challenged by technological advances and funding pressures. Questionnaires were used to collect data about the roles, relationships and competencies of 32 subject/liaison librarians supporting three disciplines in UK universities. The survey showed that postholders were undertaking a wide range of…

Our knowledge "system" is built up from disciplines and specialties as its components, which are "wired" by patterns of collaboration that constitute its organization. The intellectual autonomy of these components prevents this knowledge system from adequately accounting for what we have gradually discovered during the past 50 years: In human…

This article is based on an ethnographic study I conducted in southern Morocco during 2004. I explore the historical, ideological, and cultural background behind educational specialization among Moroccan university students. I describe how French colonial educational policies and postindependence Moroccan national schooling ideologies have created…

One of the most remarkable yet least remarked upon accomplishments in American public education in the twentieth century is the success of the school consolidation movement. Between 1930 and 1970, nine out of every ten school districts were eliminated through consolidation. Nearly two-thirds of schools that existed in 1930 were gone by 1970. These…

The relationship of indebtedness and career plans at various points of the career development of new physicians was investigated. After initially examining the career plans of graduating medical students, attention was directed to resident physicians who had made some but not all decisions about the future, as well as those who had completed…

Outlines the problems requiring restructuring of programs to prepare two new types of primary care physicians: a family physician who is predominantly an ambulatory care specialist and a primary care internist, pediatrician, or obstetrician who cares for most diseases in office and hospital. (JT)

Joseph Dorsey describes the development of the Harvard Medical School service program now serving 40,000 members in two health centers. Planning considerations for developing the primary care residency are included. Arnold Relman discusses the role of internal medicine and pediatrics in training primary care physicians noting subspecialization…

Author is a member of the Department of Educational Sociology at the University of Edinburgh. He examines here an important international achievement study. (Editor/RK)

Reports on a study which postulated that within educational organizations conflict was a function of school size, specialization of teaching, and the centralization of decision-making authority. A reciprocal relationship was also posited between intra-hierarchical and inter-hierarchical conflict. (Author/SF)