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ERIC Number: EJ1488089
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2025-Nov
Pages: 7
Abstractor: As Provided
ISBN: N/A
ISSN: ISSN-1525-822X
EISSN: EISSN-1552-3969
Available Date: 0000-00-00
How to Detect Lookups to Political Knowledge Questions in Web Surveys: Different Approaches, Their Implementation, Potential, and Challenges
Field Methods, v37 n4 p335-341 2025
Political knowledge questions often are used in social sciences web surveys to study political literacy, identify knowledge gaps and misinformation, examine political polarization, and predict political behavior. However, knowledge questions are subject to bias when respondents look up the correct answers online. Lookup behavior can confound knowledge scores and challenge the validity of substantive analyses. Previous research has used self-reports, catch questions, paradata, and web tracking to detect lookup behavior in web surveys. In this short take, we detail the implementation, potential, and challenges of each measure. We also offer recommendations on which measures to use and how to further develop them.
SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A
Author Affiliations: 1GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany; 2University of Mannheim, School of Social Sciences