Estimated and projected requirements for health personnel at the state and national levels are presented, based on a review of 56 health manpower requirements studies published between 1976 and 1986. The studies were grouped according to four methodological approaches used to make estimates: health (or medical) needs approach, professional…

European studies that investigated motivational and contextual influences on students' approaches to learning are reviewed. The studies used both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Both interviews with students and factor analysis of inventories have assessed deep and surface approaches to learning. In some studies, learning approaches in…

This critical analysis examines the claim that learning within the student's zone of proximal development is enhanced by "making connections to what the learner already knows." It is argued that Rogoff's and Gardner's use of Vygotsky's theory to explain learning in school-like tasks places primary emphasis on how the adult should connect…

Presented in this report are the results of a three-year case study designed (1) to document what happened in the classrooms of 10 teachers who were trained in a process approach to the teaching of writing, and (2) to provide those teachers with occasions to deepen their understanding of the process approach, by collaborating with them in the…

Major historical work or chronicles of the field of college reading and study-skills instruction are identified, and 10 directions for further historical research are proposed. One approach for recounting the field's history is extensive chronicles that integrate a multitude of primary and secondary historical sources. The second major category of…

A design for analyzing the narrative records obtained in four studies examined the character of classroom activities and how they are managed by teachers. Focus was on controlling classroom behaviors, classroom rules, handling of disruptive or inappropriate behavior, instructional leadership, classroom organization, and student engagement.…

Including all Head Start research (both published and unpublished) and using, when possible, the statistical technique of meta-analysis, this final report of the Head Start Evaluation, Synthesis, and Utilization Project presents findings on the impact of Head Start on children's cognitive and socioemotional development, on child health and health…

This paper reviews selected findings from two traditions of educational research--process-product research and sociolinguistic research. The first research method generally focuses on the teacher and identifies teacher behaviors (processes) that correlate with student outcome measures (products). Sociolinguistic research focuses on communicative…

These proceedings begin with a welcome (Catherine Junge). Presentations include "Curricular and Instructional Concerns as Related to Novice Associate Degree Nursing Faculty" (Elaine Mohn); "Comparative Look at Three Approaches to Conducting a Case Study" (Jill Shedd); "Changes in Policies/Procedures of Patient Care since 1965" (Janice Sandiford,…

Based on an analysis of programs in a British Broadcasting Company (BBC) series transmitted during the 1984-1985 school year, this discussion of the pedagogy of educational television in Great Britain reviews previous analyses of children's television from both a media studies perspective and from within educational psychology, and proposes an…

This issue contains abstracts and critical comments for 11 published reports of research in mathematics education. The reports are concerned with: (1) the development of counting strategies; (2) a structural model for mathematics achievement for men and women; (3) teaching children to subtract by counting up; (4) teaching children to add using…

The third follow-up survey associated with the High School and Beyond (HSB) Study was conducted during the spring of 1986. This report provides information that fully documents major technical aspects of the third follow-up sample selection and implementation, describes the weighting procedures, examines the possible impact of non-response on…

This study focused on the problem-solving of family groups including an adolescent diabetic. The study sought to: compare three methods used to identify and analyze phases in family problem-solving interactions, establish criteria to evaluate the methods, utilize the criteria to evaluate the three methods, and select a method. The three methods…

This review of research studies on the psychological adjustment of gifted persons focused on five dimensions: social/behavioral conduct, family adjustment, emotional functioning (personality characteristics, anxiety, depression), social functioning (interpersonal relationships, social skills), and perceived competence (self-concept, self-esteem,…

Research on Teacher Education was the theme for the plenary sessions of the eighth annual meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education. More than 50 papers were selected for presentation at the conference. These papers are grouped into seven categories in these conference proceedings.…