English learning contexts are typically categorized as English as a Second Language (ESL) and English as a Foreign Language (EFL). ESL pertains to English acquisition in regions where it is an official language, while EFL refers to contexts where it is not. Although previous research has examined written language differences among learners in L1…

This technical manual describes the purpose and intended uses of the TOEFL iBT test, its target test-taker population, and relevant language use domains. The test design and scoring procedures are presented first, followed by a research agenda intended to support the interpretation and use of test scores. Given the updates to the test starting…

Epistemic agency is a significant factor in fostering teachers' innovation. Although previous research has highlighted the positive impact of epistemic agency on language teachers' knowledge creation, few studies have examined the role of this agency in navigating opportunities and challenges in an artificial intelligence (AI)-integrated context,…

While Formative assessment (FA) has been researched exponentially, little is known about FA practice from pre-service teacher to novice teacher and their implementation in real teaching context. The current study attempts to fill this gap by exploring how two novice EFL teachers implement FA activities in the Chinese K-12 context. Data were…

Background: Executive function (EF) is significantly associated with reading comprehension outcomes, yet the interaction between EF and critical language skills (including vocabulary, morphological awareness (MA) and syntactic knowledge), across these levels of reading comprehension (literal, inferential and evaluative comprehension) has rarely…

Multimodality is an important component of the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom. Among its myriad elements, one that has not been addressed in recent research is the importance of engaging in the creation of multimodal texts in EFL classes. This study investigates how adding lessons focused on the creation of multimodal texts in EFL…

L2 teacher boredom is a critical yet underexplored issue that significantly impacts teacher well-being and instructional quality, particularly in English as a foreign language (EFL) contexts. This study investigates the antecedents of L2 teacher boredom, as observed in EFL settings, and the strategies employed to mitigate its impact. Employing a…

Despite their use in the classroom remaining controversial, generative AI chatbots that utilize LLMs have revolutionized all aspects of learning, formal and informal, and are proving remarkably useful in a second-language setting even if not primarily designed for foreign language learning. Across the globe, students' and faculty members' written…

This research investigates the impact of incorporating authentic materials within a classroom intervention on the speaking motivation and anxiety of Indonesian EFL lower secondary school students. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the study involved 42 students who were selected based on their availability and willingness to participate. Pre-…

This study investigates two distinct ways of organising heritage language education within one national context. More specifically, we investigate the teaching of Greek in Sweden through: (a) mother tongue instruction provided by the national education system and (b) a complementary school run by a parental organisation. Drawing on Archer's…

Previous studies in the acquisition of clitic se in Spanish have focused on the syntactic processes needed to perform detransitivization. However, current approaches on event structure reveal that "se" encodes aspectual information which is crucial for its acquisition. We examine the use, intuition and interpretation of the aspectual…

This study demonstrates how stakeholders' treatment of English language as the sole marketable/saleable commodity in educational setting can have implications for multilingualism and existing linguistic diversity in Pakistan. Language commodification refers to the valuation of languages as marketable/saleable commodities and their relative…

This paper proposes a framework for multilingual language-in-education policy implementation, offered as a critically constructive response to India's recent "National Education Policy 2020" (GOI, 2020). Rooted in India's existing educational language policy, our linguistically inclusive 'Languages for Learning' (LFL) framework is, we…

There is a dearth of knowledge on the emotional challenges content-area teachers in English-medium instruction (EMI) programmes face, and how they manage their emotions in their efforts to negotiate a top-down language policy. This paper examines the entangled emotional experiences of EMI content-area teachers in Nepal's school education. In…

Aural lexical knowledge (ALK) is crucial for second language (L2) listening. Despite its importance, there is scant research that has validly explored the relationship between ALK and L2 listening across different English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts. In an effort to broaden this research base, the current study closely replicates a…