Thirty-three second graders participated in a study to discover the value of teaching concepts using picture attribute chunking (PAC). It was hypothesized that PAC would yield superior concept learning performances compared to a picture attribute list (PAL) treatment and a word-alone treatment. The children, selected on the basis of a pretest that…

Research on how communicating human beings produce and understand language has focused mostly on what language is, less on how language is processed, and little on who produces and understands language. However, the interaction between what, who, and how is very significant. The importance of who does languaging is related both to the cognitive…

A study was designed to investigate forms of human internal knowledge organization that facilitate the recall of information or its use for complex problem solving tasks. Three experiments, using college and high school physics students, were performed. The effects were studied by: (1) formulating explicit models of organization; (2) using…

In an investigation of the degree to which children learn associations in the direction opposite to the one in which they were taught, 20 preschool children were instructed in letter-sound correspondences in one of two ways. One group was presented with the letter symbol and asked to produce the sound, while the other group was presented with the…

Creative dramatics or child-oriented dramatic play is a basic educative process that draws upon the learning strategies developed in children's play and relates them to classroom learning tasks. As a structured play process that encourages children to explore the world in ways familiar to them, creative dramatics relates new experiences to old…

Methods and approaches used by effective teachers are examined, and the set of goals and subgoals that guide these teachers, the set of specific strategies that they use to generate cases, questions, and comments for their pupils, and the control structure that they use to allocate their time between different goals are specified. The theory…

A "naturalistic" study of eight college students enrolled in a freshman writing class was conducted to determine what variables are critical to the learning process. After observing and tape recording four individual conferences with each of the students, the recorded transcripts were analyzed to determine the one or two main concerns…

The use of the term "strategy" in second language communication is discussed, and a typology of communication strategies is presented. Communication strategies are those systematic devices a second language learner uses in attempting to express precise meaning in the target language. Definitions of learning strategies and communication strategies…

This conference report explores microelectronic technology, its effect on educational methods and objectives, and its implications for educator responsibilities. Two main areas were considered: the significance of the likely impact of the large scale introduction of microprocessors and microelectronics on commercial and industrial processes, the…

THE INDIVIDUALIZED METHOD OF TEACHING READING IS BEING USED IN SCHOOLS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, AND MORE AND MORE SCHOOLS ARE BEGINNING TO TRY IT. THE MONOGRAPH WAS PREPARED TO HELP THOSE INTERESTED IN INDIVIDUALIZED READING TO UNDERSTAND THE METHOD, THE PROBLEMS WHICH MAY ARISE, AND HOW IT COMPARES, IN DETAIL, WITH THE METHOD OF GROUP READING.…

THE PROBLEM OF HOW TO TEACH PUPILS IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS TO READ AND WRITE STANDARD ENGLISH IS DISCUSSED. THE VALUE OF ORAL LANGUAGE AS A MEANS OF ATTAINING READING AND WRITING PROFICIENCY IS SUGGESTED. SUCCESS IN THESE AREAS CAN BE ATTAINED IF (1) THE HOME LANGUAGE OF THE CHILD IS ACCEPTED, (2) THE CHILD IS OFFERED MATERIALS ON HIS LEVEL OF…

IN TWO ART LEARNING EXPERIMENTS, COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATES MADE SEQUENTIAL DRAWINGS, WORKING ALONE IN A STUDIO FOR ONE HOUR A WEEK, WITH STANDARDIZED DRAWING MATERIALS. A HIDDEN CAMERA TOOK TIME LAPSE PHOTOS OF EACH DRAWING. HALF THE TIME THERE WAS A STILL LIFE AS THE DRAWING STIMULUS, THE OTHER HALF NO STIMULUS. DEPENDENT VARIABLES WERE CHANGES…

CERTAIN SYSTEMS FOR CLASSIFYING COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS ARE REVIEWED AND COMPARED IN A DISCUSSION OF GENERALIZING PROCESSES USED FOR EVALUATING INSTRUCTIONAL OUTCOMES. THE AUTHOR STATES THAT THERE ARE TWO IMPORTANT GENERALIZATIONS TO BE MADE IN THE EVALUATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS--GENERALIZING THE PROGRAM RESULTS AND THE SKILLS OF THE…

THIS, A COLLECTION OF SOME 600 LENGTHY ABSTRACTS FROM THE LITERATURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS, IS THE FIRST IN WHAT IS TO BE A LONG SERIES OF SER PROJECT REPORTS. IT IS ORGANIZED UNDER HEADINGS THAT INDICATE THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON THE HUMAN SENSES, AND THE EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC, LUMINOUS, SONIC, AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS ON BEHAVIOR.…

THIS POSITION PAPER EXAMINES THE NATURE AND PROBLEMS OF GUIDANCE IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AND ENDS WITH THE STATEMENT OF A RATIONALE. LEARNING IS VIEWED AS THE CORE OF EDUCATION. ACCORDINGLY, THE LEARNING PROCESS INVOLVES THE BEHAVIOR TO BE LEARNED, THE LEARNER HIMSELF, AND THE CONDITIONS OF LEARNING. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL GUIDANCE CAN ENHANCE THE…