Group therapy and individual cognitive therapy were investigated with non-bipolar moderate-to-severely-depressed outpatients (N=44) assigned to group cognitive therapy, individual cognitive therapy only, or to individual cognitive therapy in combination with anti-depressant medication. Treatment efficacy was measured by self-report and a clinical…

This book concludes a six-volume review of research and theory on learning and cognition. Its six chapters cover the following topics: theories of semantic memory, comprehension and memory of text, coding processes in memory, perceptual learning from reading, speech perception, and the organization and core concepts of learning theory and…

A listener's inferences about why speakers say what they do can influence what the listener remembers. Psychologists studying memory for discourse have neglected to give attention to the source of the information to be remembered. In a study to determine what effects adding information has on remembering initial discourse, subjects listening to…

Sixteen children (aged 14 to 26 months), who were reported by their parents to overextend, were tested for overextension in both language production and comprehension. The children were first asked to name each of a series of pictures of inappropriate exemplars of the words they were reported to overextend. Those words that were overextended, a…

Applied linguistic theory is examined in light of neuroscientific knowledge, especially in regard to the structure and function of the cerebral cortex, in order to illuminate the process and methods of teaching or learning language. Wernicke's Area and Broca's Area are parts of the brain that have been associated with language function.…

TO INCREASE THE YOUNG EDUCABLE MENTAL RETARDATE'S KNOWLEDGE OF APPROPRIATE SOCIAL RESPONSES, A TRAINING PROGRAM WAS DESIGNED UTILIZING THE PRACTICAL SYLLOGISM. SUBJECT GROUPS, AGED 3-9 TO 10-3, INCLUDED (1) 32 EDUCABLE MENTAL RETARDATES WITH A MEAN IQ OF 66, DIVIDED INTO CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS OF 16 EACH, (2) 16 AVERAGE CHILDREN WITH IQ'S…

The School Mathematics Study Group of Stanford University is conducting a 4-year longitudinal study of mathematical learning in the primary grades. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of this study for the kindergarten year. Approximately 2,000 kindergarten children from two large cities were divided into lower and middle income…

Perception is a process by which simple and complex information (stimuli) is experienced. We gain information about how such stimulus inputs are experienced by a child, for example, by his responses or outputs. Outputs are in the form of vocalizations and motor acts. Thus, the perceptual process is frequently called perceptual-motor. But the…

The effect of verbal labeling in a serial position short term memory task was investigated. Forty female college students were given 16 trials each. Eight trials involved only central items which had to be recalled. The other eight trials involved both central and incidental items. Half of the subjects verbalized the names of the central items as…

The behavior, attitudes, and social class of 48 Negro mothers and 48 Negro fathers were related to the development of their fifth grade boys' flexible thinking, defined as the ability to consider alternative means to a given end. The parents were interviewed at home and asked to teach their sons four tasks. Linear relationships were found linking…

The lack of existing research on the cognitive processes in reading is discussed. The definition of cognitive processes, appropriate measuring instruments, concensus concerning the activity to be measured, and problems inherent in the materials and the reader are cited as limitations that are responsible for a shortage of research. Implications…

The nine papers in this book discuss aspects of language processing that contribute to reading difficulty. After a summary of the 1974 World Congress on Dyslexia, at which these papers were presented, the following subjects are examined: historical background and educational treatment of dyslexia; the structure of language; neuroanatomy underlying…

This paper discusses the use of error analysis by teachers of English as a second language and suggests that error analysis should be used in regular composition courses as well. Teachers who use error analysis emphasize learning from one's mistakes rather than simply drilling to eliminate mistakes; they use errors as clues to the cognitive…

A sample of college students was used to determine whether there was a correlation between Lowenfeld's visual-haptic continuum and Piaget's concrete-formal continuum. Three instruments were administered--a questionnaire, the Successive Perception Test I (Gibson) which identified an individual's location on the visual-haptic continuum, and the…

This paper suggests that a change in mode of expression --narrative, descriptive, or expository--can influence the syntactic complexity of children's writing. The implications of the research studies reviewed here may offer direction for education in general. Instructional strategies which make use of variation in writing mode to encourage gains…