Uses example of racism to compare Vygotsky's and Piaget's perspectives on the development of mind within the framework of questions regarding the mutual influence of societies and individuals. Notes that Vygotsky emphasizes knowledge transmission from older to younger, whereas Piaget emphasizes construction of new knowledge with potential for…

Stresses the importance of camp staff understanding why campers misbehave. Offers recommendations for helping campers to learn responsible behavior, including setting clear expectations and consequences for camper behavior; teaching campers self-discipline and problem-solving strategies; asking campers thought-provoking questions; avoiding power…

Interlinks crucial cultural themes emerging from preceding chapters, highlighting the contextual constraints in adolescents' use of free time. Draws parallels across the nations discussed on issues related to how school molds leisure time, the balance of passive versus active leisure, timing of leisure pursuits, and the cumulative effect of…

Used multiple case-study design in year-long study to assess literacy teaching and learning in two half-day kindergartens at an at-risk school. Found that literacy teaching most often centered on letter recognition and sound/symbol relationships, with few opportunities for children to engage in meaningful dialogue centered on books. Four of 11…

Focuses on religious education in the Netherlands discussing the dual education system that consists of denominational private schools and public state schools. Argues for multi-religious schools that will provide a stable primary- and secondary-school culture and address the plurality of students. Includes references. (CMK)

Applied a semiparametric mixture model to a sample of 284 low-income boys to model developmental trajectories of overt conduct problems from ages 2 to 8. Identified four trajectories: persistent problem, high-level desister, moderate-level desister, and persistent low. Initially high and low groups were differentiated in early childhood by high…

Examined relations between TV-violence viewing at ages 6 to 10 and adult aggression about 15 years later for sample growing up in the 1970s and 1980s. Found that childhood exposure to media violence predicted young adult aggression for males and females. Identification with aggressive TV characters and perceived realism of TV violence predicted…

Addresses the importance of a stronger working relationship between researchers and practitioners within the music education field. Reviews topics that have been researched, such as child vocal development, vocal accuracy, and vocal modeling. Provides ideas on how researchers and practitioners can improve their relationship. Includes references.…

Describes phonological sensitivity at different grain sizes as a good predictor of reading acquisition in all languages. Presents information on development of phonological sensitivity for syllables, onsets, and rimes. Illustrates that phoneme-level skills develop fastest in children acquiring orthographically consistent languages with simple…

During the first two years of college, students are experiencing two tempestuous explorations: advanced intellectual development and establishment of adult identities. If colleges and universities understand that today's students are arriving with a heavier burden of self-definition, they can design academic programs and extracurricular activities…

Reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on mentoring as a means of personal enhancement or career advancement. Defines mentor-protege relationship (MPR); discusses two models of MPR; and discusses process of MPR. Makes recommendations for research and practice. (Author/TE)

A definition of mental retardation is presented to clarify perceptions of what should happen to persons with mental retardation after identification and program placement. The definition refers to the need for specific skill training and the development of independence. A rationale and six corollaries to the definition are discussed. (JDD)

Reviews 12 books in group work published in 1989. Includes treatments for both growth and remediation groups, representing diverse target audiences and a variety of approaches. (Author)

Results are reported from a study which sought to identify the particular experiences, from preschool through high school, that constitute a press (a special pattern of experiences) for reading development. The study also sought to determine which of these experiences are related to adult reading ability. (IAH)

This article contends that Nigrescence or Black racial identity theory often interacts with counseling research designs such that readers may underestimate the worth of, or misunderstand, such research. Methodological dilemmas resulting from interactions among theoretical formulations, environmental influences, and research participants' racial…