Results indicated that extrinsic rewards improved students' test performances significantly more than no rewards or feedback reward conditions. These improvements in performance were noted for all students under extrinsic reward conditions, thereby extending the effectiveness of these procedures across IQ levels. (Author/CL)

Analysis of the conceptions of spatial relations, size comparisons, and gesture imitations of 16 autistic children (ages 6-14 years) with IQs over 70 indicated an inability to acquire concepts of size comparison and spatial relationships through verbal instructions, suggesting a cognitive deficit of impaired symbolic-representational functioning.…

Studies the relationship between cognitive functioning and conduct disorders in 17-year-old adolescents as defined by the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III. Results suggest that the relation of cognitive functioning to psychiatric status is specific to conduct disorders. (RJC)

Race and gender's impact on self-esteem among youth is examined. Generally, minorities tend to have lower levels of self-esteem than whites on public (intelligence) traits, but higher levels for private (satisfaction with self) traits. Black, Native American, and Asian women have higher levels for public traits than their male counterparts. (JMM)

Meta analysis is used to examine the results of 189 studies concerning sex and intelligence. The relationship between these two variables is investigated for five large clusters of cultures. For some intelligence factors, significant cultural differences are found between Western groups and Asian/African groups. (VM)

The analogy of a compatible marriage is used to describe the relationship between gifted programing and test instrumentation for identification of giftedness. The interaction of programing and instrument development is explored from an historical perspective and from the personal viewpoint of a researcher/practitioner. (Author/JW)

The article discusses the characteristics of expert systems (computer programs designed to replicate human expertise in a variety of areas), describes recently available expert system development tools, suggests applications within the field of special education, and reviews recent efforts to apply expert systems technology to special education…

The history of research and attention to artistically talented students from 1850 to the present is offered in this article. Programs for these students have lacked valid test instruments, longitudinal studies, and in-depth research. (DF)

Discusses histories of three current issues in the psychology and pedagogy of mathematical thinking: (1) the notion of a "prescriptive method"; (2) "associationism" as an explanation for learning; and (3) Gestaltism. Reviews theoretical perspectives that emerged starting in the mid-twentieth century, including behaviorism,…

Assessed the degree of comparability between the tests over time for two samples of referred adolescents of borderline intelligence. Results indicated that the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised significantly overestimated the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised by three to five points. Differences were most marked at the lower…

Ruchalla, Schalt, and Vogel (1985) reported a negative correlation between the g-loadness of intelligence subtests and the extent to which the subtests correlated with reaction times. Possible methodological problems with Ruchalla et al. are described, and results of two other studies pertinent to the issue are discussed. (Author/LMO)

Examines the contiguity of siblings within family structure--a concept reflecting how much of the family environment siblings share with one another--in relation to within family IQ scores. Results fail to demonstrate family structure effects. (HOD)

The IQ performance of children who experienced the birth of a younger sibling was found to drop 10 points during the next two years for singleton children and 5.8 points for last-born children from families of comparable size. The study controlled for sex, family size, age at assessment, and IQ before the birth of the sibling. (Author/RH)

This study was designed to test the reliability of five major models of the structure of cognitive abilities. A battery of 16 tests was administered to 1000 Swedish sixth graders. Based on the results, a three-level hierarchical LISREL-based model (the HILI-model) is suggested. (Author/EGS)

Artificial intelligence programing for computers is advancing rapidly. The translation of databases into an institutional research knowledge base is explored, including the heuristic knowledge of institutional research experience. (Author/MLW)