In an investigation of the degree to which children learn associations in the direction opposite to the one in which they were taught, 20 preschool children were instructed in letter-sound correspondences in one of two ways. One group was presented with the letter symbol and asked to produce the sound, while the other group was presented with the…

Creative dramatics or child-oriented dramatic play is a basic educative process that draws upon the learning strategies developed in children's play and relates them to classroom learning tasks. As a structured play process that encourages children to explore the world in ways familiar to them, creative dramatics relates new experiences to old…

Methods and approaches used by effective teachers are examined, and the set of goals and subgoals that guide these teachers, the set of specific strategies that they use to generate cases, questions, and comments for their pupils, and the control structure that they use to allocate their time between different goals are specified. The theory…

A "naturalistic" study of eight college students enrolled in a freshman writing class was conducted to determine what variables are critical to the learning process. After observing and tape recording four individual conferences with each of the students, the recorded transcripts were analyzed to determine the one or two main concerns…

The use of the term "strategy" in second language communication is discussed, and a typology of communication strategies is presented. Communication strategies are those systematic devices a second language learner uses in attempting to express precise meaning in the target language. Definitions of learning strategies and communication strategies…

This conference report explores microelectronic technology, its effect on educational methods and objectives, and its implications for educator responsibilities. Two main areas were considered: the significance of the likely impact of the large scale introduction of microprocessors and microelectronics on commercial and industrial processes, the…

THE INDIVIDUALIZED METHOD OF TEACHING READING IS BEING USED IN SCHOOLS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, AND MORE AND MORE SCHOOLS ARE BEGINNING TO TRY IT. THE MONOGRAPH WAS PREPARED TO HELP THOSE INTERESTED IN INDIVIDUALIZED READING TO UNDERSTAND THE METHOD, THE PROBLEMS WHICH MAY ARISE, AND HOW IT COMPARES, IN DETAIL, WITH THE METHOD OF GROUP READING.…

THE PROBLEM OF HOW TO TEACH PUPILS IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS TO READ AND WRITE STANDARD ENGLISH IS DISCUSSED. THE VALUE OF ORAL LANGUAGE AS A MEANS OF ATTAINING READING AND WRITING PROFICIENCY IS SUGGESTED. SUCCESS IN THESE AREAS CAN BE ATTAINED IF (1) THE HOME LANGUAGE OF THE CHILD IS ACCEPTED, (2) THE CHILD IS OFFERED MATERIALS ON HIS LEVEL OF…

IN TWO ART LEARNING EXPERIMENTS, COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATES MADE SEQUENTIAL DRAWINGS, WORKING ALONE IN A STUDIO FOR ONE HOUR A WEEK, WITH STANDARDIZED DRAWING MATERIALS. A HIDDEN CAMERA TOOK TIME LAPSE PHOTOS OF EACH DRAWING. HALF THE TIME THERE WAS A STILL LIFE AS THE DRAWING STIMULUS, THE OTHER HALF NO STIMULUS. DEPENDENT VARIABLES WERE CHANGES…

CERTAIN SYSTEMS FOR CLASSIFYING COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS ARE REVIEWED AND COMPARED IN A DISCUSSION OF GENERALIZING PROCESSES USED FOR EVALUATING INSTRUCTIONAL OUTCOMES. THE AUTHOR STATES THAT THERE ARE TWO IMPORTANT GENERALIZATIONS TO BE MADE IN THE EVALUATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS--GENERALIZING THE PROGRAM RESULTS AND THE SKILLS OF THE…

THIS, A COLLECTION OF SOME 600 LENGTHY ABSTRACTS FROM THE LITERATURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS, IS THE FIRST IN WHAT IS TO BE A LONG SERIES OF SER PROJECT REPORTS. IT IS ORGANIZED UNDER HEADINGS THAT INDICATE THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON THE HUMAN SENSES, AND THE EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC, LUMINOUS, SONIC, AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS ON BEHAVIOR.…

THIS POSITION PAPER EXAMINES THE NATURE AND PROBLEMS OF GUIDANCE IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AND ENDS WITH THE STATEMENT OF A RATIONALE. LEARNING IS VIEWED AS THE CORE OF EDUCATION. ACCORDINGLY, THE LEARNING PROCESS INVOLVES THE BEHAVIOR TO BE LEARNED, THE LEARNER HIMSELF, AND THE CONDITIONS OF LEARNING. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL GUIDANCE CAN ENHANCE THE…

THE OVERLY STRINGENT APPLICATION OF THEORIES OF RULE-GOVERNED GRAMMAR TO LANGUAGE TEACHING CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS FOR THE LEARNER. ELABORATION OF A RULE OF GRAMMAR IN ADVANCE OF DRILL HOLDS THREE DANGERS--(1) THE FALSE SECURITY WHICH RESULTS WHEN THE STUDENT FEELS THAT HE HAS LEARNED SOME ELEMENT OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION BECAUSE HE CAN STATE THE RULE,…

AN EXPLORATION INTO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE LEARNING OF VARIOUS AGE GROUPS WAS CONDUCTED TO OBTAIN DATA OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES FOR THE FORMATION OF LEARNING SET. THE OBJECT-QUALITY DISCRIMINATION LEARNING SET WAS STUDIED TO SEARCH FOR SYSTEMATIC RESPONSE PATTERNS, AND TO EXAMINE AGE DIFFERENCES. THE SAMPLES USED IN THIS STUDY WERE 53 NURSERY…

NEW INTELLECTUAL APTITUDES WERE INVESTIGATED TO DETERMINE TO WHAT EXTENT THEY INFLUENCE ACHIEVEMENT IN NINTH-GRADE ALGEBRA AND GENERAL MATHEMATICS COURSES. TESTS AND CRITERIA WERE COMPLETED FOR APPROXIMATELY 400 STUDENTS IN THE NINTH GRADE. THEY WERE ENROLLED IN ONE OF FOUR MATHEMATICS COURSES AND ADMINISTERED ACHIEVEMENT EXAMINATIONS UPON…