Discusses how behavioral objectives and knowledge are related, what form a performance test theory should take, why some people can skip prerequisites whereas others cannot, how people discover new information, the relationship between content and performance analysis, and, how one might apply the structural approach in adaptive instruction.…

Asserts that graduate training, as well as the policies of journals and granting agencies, supports an approach to research that promotes scientific understanding but does not produce effective clinical treatment. (Author/JM)

Compares and contrasts the concept of social constructivism derived from work of Piaget and Vygotsky and examines their implications for young children's learning. Emphasizes the nature of social interaction with adults and children and its role in the construction of shared knowledge. Suggests that similarities in these two approaches are more…

Reviews current understanding of the process of emergent literacy development for linguistically diverse children. Claims that process of literacy development can be viewed as a sequential developmental task. Also explains that children create principles or hypotheses to develop literacy specific to their understanding of their native language and…

Investigates processes involved in visual estimation and processes of judgment in visual estimation situations involving proportional reasoning. Exposure to a unit in the Agam project, designed to enhance visual estimation capabilities, resulted in changes in the nine-year-old subjects' strategies, reflecting processes by which children overcome…

The three programs now offered by the International Baccalaureate Organization for children 5 to 18 could benefit from greater articulation. The programs share common goals aimed at developing in students sense of responsibility, spirit of open-mindedness, critical thinking ability, multilanguage proficiency, and active interest in other cultures.…

Traces influences on a university lecturer's choice of teaching method, drawing evidence from his private journal and the work journals of his students. Concludes that the theory-based use of experiential learning is hypocritical and may be promoting false theory. Proposes an alternative discovery approach in which students and lecturers are…

Extends the concepts of utilization deficiencies in a review of 30 years of memory-training research. Finds that over half of training conditions showed at least one type of utilization deficiency. Utilization deficiencies were more common for younger than for older children and were more likely when training involved multiple, rather than single,…

Examined the relationship between infants' attachment quality and attention and memory at 3.5 years. Found that insecure/avoidant and insecure/ambivalent children looked away from mother-child drawings more than secure children. Secure children better recalled stories in which mothers responded sensitively than did insecure/avoidant children, and…

Presents two case studies of learners attempting to understand the concept of normal distribution, specifically why physical phenomena such as height fall into normal distributions. Draws conclusions about a Connected Mathematics learning environment that enables confrontation with epistemological anxiety and the features of modeling languages…

Studies have shown that adults can recognize and recall material they have learned but not understood. When the material must be understood to be applied, however, comprehenders and noncomprehenders are not equally successful. An experiment using 63 fifth-grade students found the same pattern of results for children. (Author/TD)

Reports on a study that assigned Japanese students retrospective self-reporting tasks in which they were led to reflect upon their classroom second-language learning through self-analysis by reference to diaries, and by structured questionnaires and interviews on learning strategies, learner beliefs, and attitudes. (21 references) (Author/CK)

Studies based on an individual-difference model of student learning are reviewed. The "fitting" of conceptual models of student learning to atypical individual-similarity data structures is discussed, and an experimental categorization for such structures is outlined. Use of a locus model is also examined. It is argued that conceptual models of…

A study of 325 university students explored relationships between personality and learning styles in students with high or low self-esteem. Ways that personality and learning theory can combine to help define individual differences in learning, their origins, manifestation, and amenability to change are examined. Implications for achievement,…

Notes that psycholinguists have studied "fast mapping," and behavior analysts have studied the phenomenon of"learning by exclusion." Reviews the research protocols, questions, and outcomes of these two research lines to show their clear similarities, to support the argument that both disciplines are studying a single…