Power, powerlessness, and empowerment have come under increasing scrutiny in recent years. Traditional applications of power tend to be autocratic and autocratic power continues to be accepted extensively in society. Increased use of alternative kinds of power is hindered by lack of skills, lack of opportunity for use, and inappropriate norms…

Heroism means different things to different people. Uncovering individual definitions requires discussion and personal insights. Five brief biographies to stimulate discussion are included. Activities are suggested. (MT)

This research examines the following hypotheses: (1) that members of organizations with low power have one of four ways of balancing power as a preferred power-balancing style, (2) that such styles have biographical correlates, and (3) that certain styles will be overrepresented in organizations. (Author)

Outlines the dimensions of a systematic design process that performance technologists could use to increase their ability to achieve their objectives. Dimensions considered include needs assessment, audience identification and analysis, goal and objective setting, strategizing, evaluation and revision, and rewards. (Author)

Describes characteristics of invitational learning: Affirmation, Contribution, Purpose, Power, and Challenge. Explains how teachers can extend learning invitations to students. (PKP)

Questioned 48 hospice experts to elicit group judgments about hospice ideology, control over one's own death trajectory, and hospice's relevance for older individuals. Although high rate of consensus was obtained on many issues, little evidence of coherent ideology could be detected linking notions of hospice origins, issues of patient control,…

Reviews identity dilemma faced by American nonwhite students, then goes on to discuss the bicultural consciousness of contemporary nonwhite American students in the context of personal empowerment. Poses challenge to nonwhite students whose aptitudes and occupational aspirations seem congruent with mainstream norms. (NB)

Through the lens of Jungian theory of the shadow, this article identifies ways in which its dynamics and manifestations occur in the field of art therapy. Introduces experiential exercises for discovering and working with the shadow and concludes with recommendations for transforming negative dynamics into creative solutions. (Author/MKA)

Students, including advanced students, often lack the knowledge, confidence, and experience to participate effectively in competitive, bartering, or conflict situations. The concept that influencing skills are not limited to those in authority and can be learned comprises the framework for this teaching activity. The credible and adaptable…

Although estimations typically possess correct answers, these answers may be difficult to demonstrate to others. However, providing external information may increase their demonstrability. In this experiment, individuals (N = 60) and 6-person groups (N = 360) generated estimations with or without frames of reference. We hypothesized that…

The history and background of the analysis of the basis of power is examined, beginning with its origins in the works of Kurt Lewin and his followers at the Research Center for Group dynamics. The original French and Raven (1959) bases of power model posited six bases of power: reward, coercion, legitimate, expert, referent, and informational (or…

There is little attention in the literature to the dyad of the woman therapist and the man patient; as a result, the woman therapist is faced with a poverty of theoretical accounts upon which she can draw in her clinical work. Although analytically-oriented work must focus on individual histories rather than cultural internalizations, analysis of…

An extensive review of the literature on the social psychology of social power led to the conclusion that the area contains many unrelated, noncumulative theoretical and empirical works. Three conceptual distinctions were introduced to facilitate the systematic study of social power. Effectance motivation was used to describe the joint, often…

Discusses these categories of guilt: parental guilt imposed on children, lover and spouse related guilt, children inspired guilt, school inspired guilt, church related guilt, and sexual expression guilt. Recommends counseling professionals need to reinforce individual's need to be aware guilt exists by choice and can be eliminated by choice. (ABL)

Reviews the results of recent studies on four themes (productivity, power, performance, and promotion) in female management behavior and leadership styles. (Author/BL)