We offer an analysis of calculus assessment items that highlights ways to evaluate students' application of important meanings and support their engagement in generative ways of reasoning. Our central aim is to identify characteristics of items that require students to apply their understanding of key ideas. We coordinate this analysis of…

In this study, we aim to explore the conditions and constraints of implementing a lesson study-based professional development (LSPD) program for Japanese pre-service primary teachers. Based on the anthropological theory of the didactic--a well-established theoretical framework in mathematics education research--it offers three dimensions…

The role of epistemic beliefs in science (EBS) and socio-economic status (SES) on mathematics and science test results on both student- and school-level data was investigated via a secondary analysis of Estonian Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 survey data. The effective sample comprised 3991 students (52% girls, 48%…

For many decades, problem solving has been a focus of elementary mathematics education reforms. Despite this, in many education systems, the prevalent approach to mathematics problem solving treats it as an isolated activity instead of an integral part of teaching and learning. In this study, two mathematics teacher educators introduced 19 Irish…

In 2023, California will implement a new statewide math framework that will drive curriculum decisions and pedagogical approaches for years to come. Although the state's content standards for mathematics are not changing, a statewide framework could nevertheless shift instruction by providing educators with guidance on how to implement content…

3D geometry is an essential concept in mathematics because it relates to real-world experiences and numerous mathematical topics. However, some students still have difficulty understanding this geometry. Therefore, this study aims to identify and describe students' epistemological obstacles to the dimensions of representation, spatial structure,…

Euclidean geometry provides an opportunity for learners to learn argumentation and develop inductive and deductive reasoning. Despite the significance of Euclidean geometry for developing these skills, learner performance in mathematics, particularly geometry, remains a concern in many countries. Thus, the current study examined the nature of…

Classroom teachers' awareness of the characteristics of students with mathematics learning difficulties is important for the planning and implementation of individualized intervention programs for students. This study aims to examine classroom teachers' awareness of students with mathematics learning difficulties, as well as the mathematics…

Students' difficulties in algebra are generally caused by the use of algebraic notation, the meaning of letters, as well as the types of relationships or methods used. Therefore, interpreting letters in algebra is one of the critical points in the transition from arithmetic to algebra. However, many students have misconceptions in interpreting…

Teachers' knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes contribute to the success of classroom instruction. Teaching approaches that are informed by teachers' good content knowledge of mathematics they teach are regarded as more effective and produce high learning outcomes. It is critical that teachers possess both content and pedagogical content knowledge as…

Open Educational Resources (OER) was first introduced in universities as a cost-saving option to traditional textbooks. In 2015, the U.S. Department of Education announced the #GoOpen initiative, challenging school districts nationwide to convert at least one course from traditional curriculum resources to OER. Existing research has focused on the…

Encouraging students' ability to reason can be looked at through the lens of both oral and written representations. In 2022, the author participated in the first intake of the Teacher Excellence Program run by the Victorian Teaching Academy. Being part of an in-depth professional learning program challenged the author's teaching practices to focus…

Educator preparation programs design their coursework and field experiences to help future teachers with knowledge, skills, and abilities to effectively teach mathematics. However, implementation of mathematical pedagogy and content has been seen as challenging for many school systems. Elementary and middle school teachers' experiences in their…

Background: Fluency in mathematical language is essential for learning mathematics. Teachers must understand and use their diverse mathematical knowledge, including language and communication difficulties inherent to mathematics instruction. According to recent South African research, Grade 1 teachers are not equipped to utilise learners'…

This study investigated the effectiveness of an intervention designed to support sixth-grade Spanish-speaking English as Additional Language (EAL) learners and their English proficient classmates in acquiring pre-algebra knowledge and skills and associated academic vocabulary. The sample consisted of 88 EAL learners and their 139 English…