While the association between teenagers' work and academic performance continues to be debated in studies of adolescent employment, many researchers have found that "intensive" involvement in paid work increases the risk of high school dropout. It is still unclear, however, whether this relationship is spurious owing to preexisting differences in…

This report examines the relationship between various characteristics of students with disabilities and the probability that they would participate in the NAEP assessments, given the current methods of accommodation adopted by their state. The report describes the methodological approach which calculates for each state an expected inclusion rate…

Social scientists have repeatedly demonstrated that individuals tend to underutilize base-rate information in favor of case-specific information in problems investigating subjective probability estimation. Despite the pervasiveness of this base-rate fallacy, little progress has been made in establishing a definitive explanation for its cause. This…

Methods of determining probabilities of various outcomes of the game Yahtzee are described. (SD)

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the results obtained by Knowles et al. were a result of varying levels of redundancy or varying levels of other task parameters. (Author)

Multinomial-response models are available that correspond implicitly to tests in which a total score is computed as the sum of polytomous item scores. For these models, joint and conditional estimation may be considered in much the same way as for the Rasch model for right-scored tests. As in the Rasch model, joint estimation is only attractive if…

The purpose of the study was to determine whether students had knowledge of the extension rule (the conjunction of two or more events cannot be greater than the probability of any one of those events) and understanding of conjunction by giving a test of multiplicative probabilities. Involved were 598 students enrolled in introductory psychology…

The random variable p and its functions figure in several "tests of combined significance," meta-analysis summaries based on sample significance values, and ps have been used singly, as well as in other tests for evaluating the outcomes of individual research studies. In this work, asymptotic distributions of the sample one-sided…

Correlation-based approaches to causal analysis contain too much irrelevant information that masks and modulates the true nature of causal processes in the world. Both causal modeling and path analysis/structural equations give the wrong answers for certain conceptions of causation, given certain assumptions about the "error" variables.…

Protocols were obtained from 22 subjects as they discovered the conditions under which equilibrium is obtained on a balance beam by predicting and observing the outcomes of a series of problems. The interviews revealed that subjects used a variety of heuristics to make predictions once they had isolated the two relevant features of the problem,…

A general model for the homogeneous case of the continuous response is proposed. The model is an expansion and generalization of the one proposed by the author in 1974, in which the open response situation is dealt with. In this generalized model, the closed response situation is dealt with, and it includes the model for the open response…

THIS NOTE DESCRIBES THE PROCEDURES USED IN DETERMINING DYNAMOD II AGE TRANSITION MATRICES. A SEPARATE MATRIX FOR EACH SEX-RACE GROUP IS DEVELOPED. THESE MATRICES WILL BE USED AS AN AID IN ESTIMATING THE TRANSITION PROBABILITIES IN THE LARGER DYNAMOD II MATRIX RELATING AGE TO OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES. THREE STEPS WERE USED IN THE PROCEDURE--(1)…

SELF-JUDGMENTS OF COMPETENCE VARY GREATLY. COMPETENCE JUDGMENTS ARE IMPORTANT IN TESTING THE THEORY OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION. APPLICATION OF THIS THEORY REQUIRES ACCURATE CONTROL OR ASSESSMENT OF THE SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITIES IN AN INDIVIDUAL'S COMPETENCE JUDGMENTS. SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITIES ARE OF TWO TYPES--(1) SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS,…