Group structure is one of the important mediators between individual input and group output. The present study examines the effect of group structure on the following dependent variables: (1) change in the group member's evaluation of items evaluated before group interaction, (2) change in his subjective evaluation model as a consequence of group…

The purpose of this book is to present information about communicating in terms of "if-then" propositions that are based on scientific study. The book consists of two sections--Communication Behavior and Communication Experiments. The chapters in the first section of this book consider relationships, messages, information diffusion, and achieving…

The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of group meetings of Head Start mothers that are focused on understanding of one's self and of others. A Parent Awareness Program was developed for use with two groups of Head Start mothers over a 27-week and a 17-week period, respectively. Specific objectives were that mothers would (1)…

This discussion entails some notions on the nature of creativity, the process of authentic risk-taking, and the person of the counselor in creating and taking risks. Technique is the impediment to creativity in counseling. The person who functions as an effective counselor functions from within, relying on the same resources from which flows…

This document presents a concise discussion of current thinking and practices in the area of group counseling in the schools. The material, divided into two sections is based on the discussion of a panel of counselor educators and practicing counselors. Part I consists of the discussion among the participants and Part II is composed of questions…

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible role of adult education in nation-building. Nation-building was defined as a process of building group cohesion and group loyalty for the purposes of domestic planning and international representation. Models were designed for the purpose of analyzing the function of adult education in…

Counselors working with developmental groups need: (1) a thorough understanding of their group, (2) great skill, and (3) deep personal involvement. The author suggests specific characteristics for successful developmental groups: (1) the desire of the entire residence hall staff to be involved, (2) a co-ed group limited to eight members, and (3)…

This paper reports a validity study of a sociometric technique described by Barclay. The sample was 103 elementary school children. Sociometric scores were compared against the criterion of adjustment of Referral versus Non-referral to the school counseling service. Data were analyzed by a point biserial r, t tests, and a comparison of percentages…

A social psychological theory of self-other orientation provides the basis of a theory of interpersonal conflict and aggression. It is assumed that conflict devolves to aggression toward self or other under conditions of reduction in self esteem and social interest, and the development of an unchanging self-centered theory of behavior. Principles…

This study compared the effects of professional and subprofessional counselors using group insight and group desensitization techniques with high and low imagery arousal test anxious college students. Two professional and two subprofessional counselors met with groups of three students for five interviews to administer insight and desensitization…

This study investigated the differential effects of various training techniques on the counselor effectiveness of beginning practicum students. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences between the subjects pre- and post-test scores on both the Affective Sensitivity Scale (ASS) and on the Counselor Verbal Response Scale…

In 1969 the University of South Dakota set up a program of T-Group Experiences for the leaders of practicum groups. Relationships between the leaders as well as between the leaders and their groups were noted. Some fall out from the T-Group to the practicum group was observed. Inter-personal communication increased within practicum groups and a…

The report studies the effects that the achieved status of the principal (power figure) has on the productivity of a heierarchically differenitiated group (participants have unequal ascribed status relationships) when all of the group members have an equal share in making decisions. The study tests two hypotheses: (1) as leader achieved status…

The purpose of this investigation was to describe behaviors observed as comprising leadership contention and gender differences in groups. As defined in this study, leadership contention differs from leadership in that it is comprised of behaviors individuals derive from their beliefs about what leaders do and is also specifically concerned with a…

The purpose of this study was to make a preliminary effort to explore subordinate perceptions of authority as measured by semantic differential-type scales through factor analytic techniques in order to determine the dimensional structure which results from subordinate responses to the question of authority use. Descriptions of authority from…