When asked to rate the expected behaviors of a hypothetical child assigned to each of three labeling conditions (normal, learning disabled, or emotionally disturbed) 75 elementary teachers differentially responded to the labels. (CL)

Results of the present experiments on raising expectations are consistent with previous experiments in that the generalization effect, while significant, is smaller in magnitude than the direct effect. (Author)

A study of the effect of lexical items within first sentences which affect reading expectations for the remainder of the passage, and of the effects of violation of reader expectation following first sentences, showed poorer performance by low achievers on the "violating" passage and a performance increase with familiar content regardless of a…

High school students with high or average achievement motivation read a passage with a list of learning goals. Two different goal lists were used. The 24 students were also instructed to expect a particular type of test questions. A free-recall test was administered; results are discussed. (GDC)

Previous studies have indicated that explaining a hypothetical event makes the event seem more likely through the creation of causal connections. However, such effects could arise through the use of the availability heuristic; that is, subjective likelihood is increased by an event becoming easier to "imagine". Two experiments were designed to…

Positive, though not definitive, results were obtained in a study conducted to determine if one semester of individualized instruction is enough time to cause a shift toward internal locus of control in students, and to create a more realistic appraisal of their ability to control success in the academic environment. (RT)

Proposes explanations and further research considerations for the apparent psychological equivalence of the terms "complexity" and "novelty" as they refer to information theory, stimulus generalization, and subject expectancy effects. (RL)

The effects of rewards and expectations of future rewards on sharing were examined with 180 Israeli boys at three age levels (ages 6-7, 9-10, and 12-13). A relation between moral judgment and behavior was found. (BRT)

The nature of the professional interaction between the pharmacist and the patient was explored, with data collected from 3,743 questions asked of 16 pharmacists during an 8-week period. Factors that might affect the nature of the pharmacist-patient interaction are identified along with a cognitive-based profile of patient wants. (LBH)

Research on the effect of teacher expectations on student performance is considered as it relates to the reading teacher. (SBH)

Explored variations in religious orientations and their potential connections with expectations for paid work in the future among 318 female college seniors. Results revealed a connection between religious devoutness and expected paid labor force continuity among women. Regardless of denominational label, being more devout apparently tended to…

Presents 10 irrational vocational expectations of clients concerning vocations, counselors, tests, the self, and the decision-making process, together with rational arguments to confront each expectation. Notes that counselors are imperfect and that clients must come to grips with the imperfection of vocations, counseling, and themselves. (ABB)

The results of Seaver's (1973) quasi-experimental study of the effects of teacher expectancies on student achievement based on older sibling performance are reinterpreted as a regression artifact. That this rival explanation has not been recognized in the literature is probably due to the effects of researcher expectancies. (Author/BS)

Learning-disabled (N=48) and nonlearning-disabled (N=48) fourth- and fifth-grade boys were given a task and told they had either succeeded or failed. Results indicated that learning-disabled subjects showed greater persistence, attributed outcomes to external factors, and did not exhibit lower performance expectations nor show greater expectancy…

Research indicates that students achieve better when teachers have a wide array of skills and adapt these skills to different contexts. Teachers differ on how they perform these instructional behaviors. This article shows that attempts to improve student achievement must be based on the development of more effective teaching behavior. (Author/VM)