Effects of expected form and expected difficulty of a test were examined for 84 college students expecting an easy or difficult multiple-choice or essay examination but taking a combined test. Results support the hypothesis that individuals work harder, rather than reduce their effort, when difficult work is expected. (SLD)

The study evaluated how 21 first grade teachers differed in preferences, requirements, and expectations of students. Teachers ranked 86 student descriptors on a continuum of contributing to either student success or failure. Teachers were found to vary considerably in descriptor rankings, suggesting that teacher variations may be a factor in the…

Data on 53 Jefferson Medical College (Pennsylvania) graduates specializing in emergency medicine (EM) found they had the highest senior year debt and expected the highest income among nonsurgeons, compared favorably in academic performance and examination scores and were very willing to treat low-income patients. Implications are discussed.…

Describes a framework of techniques teachers used to manage elementary physical education students and foster pupil self-control. Audiotapes and interviews resulted in development of the Physical Education Pupil Control Inventory. Facilitating self-control involved selecting tutorial control techniques, using indirect technique forms, and…

In a Norwegian study of fifth grade linguistic minority (LM) children's comprehension of the language of instruction, it was found that some LM children still have serious comprehension problems in spite of being born and schooled in Norway. Teachers correctly expected the LM children to comprehend less than their Norwegian classmates. (33…

When college teachers are explicit about specific methods and strategies involved in effective thinking, students are more likely to learn and use these skills. Labeling test questions with the thinking skills required can help students refocus their study methods, resulting in more effective thinking, problem-solving, or decision-making skills.…

Schools must provide opportunities for students to discover what is most worth knowing, as they prepare to be citizens, good workers, good private individuals. Formal curriculum is one vehicle for teaching Tao (universal path to becoming a good person). Hidden curriculum can also convey profound teachings, if a spirit of fairness predominates,…

Surveyed teachers, counselors, and building admistrators in seven public and three parochial Midwestern high schools regarding their views about appropriate role of employment for high school students. Educators generally support limits on student employment during high school, dependent on age or grade level. Imposing such limits is up to…

Argues that, when instructors consider only the socially constructed in their classrooms, the intricacies of individuals are lost. Points out that, when teachers think students are completing assignments, the students are actually completing their own understanding of the assignment. Suggests that instructors explain repeatedly what they expect of…

A survey of 168 preschool children's parents found that less than half of the children with single or multiple disabilities were read to daily or engaged in writing or drawing activities weekly. Relative priorities given to learning to read and write and expectations for reading and writing abilities were lower for children with multiple…

Reports the results of a survey of scholars in major U.S. research universities that was conducted to explore the normative bases of acknowledgment behavior and its role in the scholarly communication process. Questions regarding expectations, etiquette, ethics, equity, and evaluation are addressed, and a copy of the survey is appended. (Contains…

Two studies investigated children's understanding that biases may influence the interpretation of behavior. In the first experiment, most second graders inferred that a negatively biased, uninformed observer would construe an act as intentional. In the second, kindergartners and second graders appropriately used bias and knowledge information to…

Discusses the ways in which families and children with developmental disabilities can attain "full citizenship" with a creed of positive contribution, great expectations, friendships, choices, and strengths. (BB)

Chapter 1 aims will not be achieved until disadvantaged youngsters are succeeding in the regular program and exhibiting grade-level proficiency. To succeed, Chapter 1 programs must be coordinated with regular instruction, emphasize more than basic skills, and abandon low learning expectations and stereotyped notions of poor and minority students.…

Outlines the particular stresses experienced by gifted children arising from the unrealistic expectations of parents and teachers, social handicaps, poor peer relationships, and boring and unrewarding school work. Explains five main "gripes" collected from interviews with gifted and talented children. Lists recommendations for teachers.…