Age grading, the differentiation of social groups by members' age judgments, is widely regarded to be a universal aspect of social life. Most studies have examined age structurally (demographically), rather than normatively (modally). This study presents survey data measuring employees' age judgments of managerial careers collected from an…

Building level staff evaluation strategies for the purpose of improving instruction are presented. First, the philosophies of formative and summative evaluation are described. Formative evaluation is a nonjudgmental process, and summative evaluation provides for judgment with performance improvement recommendations. Next, six anxiety-reducing…

The profession of educational administration may find its best route to a unified improvement by way of increasing reflective thought and analysis of the work, coupled with the recognition of real-life politics that makes negotiation and compromise an absolutely essential part of that development. Data were generated from a survey that was…

A performance appraisal interview is a primary and important context for the supervisor and employee to work together to achieve superior performance. A survey of the research literature reveals that the appraisal interview functions to provide feedback on performance, to counsel and provide help, to discover what the employee is thinking, to…

School systems interested in improving teacher performance, effectiveness, and job satisfaction while reducing turnover rates might do better to seek ways to enhance the intrinsic rewards of teaching rather than implement such extrinsic motivators as merit pay plans and career ladders. A review of the research literature brings several important…

The U.S. Government Accounting Office (GAO) evaluated how well divisions in the Departments of the Air Force, Army, and Navy and the Veterans Administration have implemented performance appraisal systems for blue-collar employees. The study found that in the four agencies visited, performance appraisal systems were in place; however, problems…

Many handicapped workers fail in competitive employment situations for social reasons rather than for the inability to perform required work tasks. Such individuals are usually those who need to be trained under conditions more closely matching those of the workplace. Thus, work-related social skills should be taught, at least in part, in work…

This document contains validated activities and competencies needed by librarians working in a school library. The activities and competencies are organized according to the functions which school librarians perform: acquisitions; cataloging; circulation and reader services; collection maintenance; interlibrary loan; management; reference; and…

A national survey sought to identify the competencies that chief school business administrators (CSBAs) in large and small school districts think are important for their job. Seventy-five respondents, out of a random stratified sample comprising 143 members of the Association of School Business Officials, ranked 264 statements in 28 major task…

Those who wish to relate education and assessment to the realities of practice in human services sometimes turn to the field for information about the nature of jobs. To determine competencies in counseling and human service agencies, an instrument was developed to survey attitudes of 502 human service providers and 51 clients from 24 agencies.…

The Developmental Supervisory Competency Assessment System presented in this guide has been developed for use in the diagnostic analysis of the competencies of school personnel in instructional supervision. The system, intended for voluntary use by individual supervisors interested in professional self-improvement, combines self-assessment…

This self-directed program, designed to assist school personnel evaluation procedures, is presented in four parts, each with detailed worksheets. The first part, "The Manual," introduces the program, its purposes, premises, and organization. "Organization for the Development of Personnel Evaluation Procedures," the second part, outlines the steps…

The mail survey research method was used to determine the comparative impact of mandatory and voluntary continuing education systems for relicensure on the performance of health care professionals. Of 1,901 questionnaires mailed to dental hygienists in Wisconsin and Minnesota, 63 percent (1,201) were returned. Supervising dentists and dental…

This volume is the second in "The Course of Life" series which contains original contributions from an international group of scientists and clinicians who have produced much of current knowledge about the phases of human personality development. These contributions cover the continuum of human development from the prenatal phase through…