Educational administrators considering the use of management by objectives (MBO) as a management technique are advised to place MBO in its proper perspective as an additional tool, not as a panacea. Understanding that MBO is a joint decision-making process is vital for a successful implementation. The experience of South-Western City Schools would…

This paper demonstrates a process for investigating the economic and budgeting impact of educational innovations on the educational systems where they are introduced, based on the assumption that the money to finance educational innovations will have to be shifted from existing programs or other innovations. To illustrate the use of his analytical…

This report describes the APL (Accountable unit, Program, and line item) budget system, a computerized three-dimensional program budget system that has been implemented in the Cambridge (Massachusetts) School Department. Various chapters discuss the differences between traditional budgeting and program budgeting, present an overview of te APL…

Presented is a systematic approach for analyzing cost effectiveness of gifted and talented educational programs in terms of categorizing funds, prorating expenditures, designing a data collection form, determining cost effectiveness, and considering multiple variable implications. All costs are reported to be subsumed under six major categories:…

This paper introduces organizational development and describes its potential utility to the planning community. The paper first points out some current practices in educational planning that may violate principles of effective human behavior in educational organizations. The centralization of goal setting and decisionmaking and the failure to…

Although the public is best served by governmental agencies which have integrated the major functions of planning, managing, and budgeting, it can be asserted that the planning function is paramount. A review of the evolution of public agency administration in the U.S. reveals that until recent years the planning function has been largely…

Specific objectives of this phase of a nationwide study of vocational education were: (1) to determine the unit cost for vocational-technical education programs in a unified school district and in junior college district, (2) to determine the problems of data collection and analysis under present practices and legal requirements, and (3) to…

This document details a semiautomated PPB system developed in an ESEA Title III project, Intermediate Unit Planning Study, for use in Pennsylvania (see EA 002 750). Two semiautomated versions were developed, both dependent for calculation on the use of electronic data processing equipment. This is a documentation manual for the first of these…

Planning-Programing-Budgeting systems (PPBS) provide the means for formulating more precise curricular objectives and coordinating curricular-fiscal planning within education. At the core of PPBS is the program budget that reports programs to be accomplished and allocates expenditures in terms of objectives relating to student achievement rather…

This paper offers a look into the future of educational program auditing and presents a detailed discussion of the notion of a districtwide educational audit. To date, virtually all program audit activities have occurred as a result of specially funded State or federal education programs. Once the program ends, or changes its requirements, the…

This report discusses the development of a rational process for making decisions about current operations and managing change to secure future goals. The first section describes the seven basic approaches to budgeting, distinguishes between them, and identifies the principal advantages and disadvantages. The section closes with an overview of a…

It has been argued that the answer to public and political demands for a more responsive educational system lies in the practice of accountability. The future implementation of program budgeting may offer an attractive vehicle for accountability. Currently, many California school districts use the California Educational Information System (CEIS)…

This report, a clear statement of how one district developed a planning system, offers both a theoretical and a practical approach to providing the superintendent, his staff, and the board of education with a comprehensive planning system instrument for making policy decisions and allocating resources. Also provided are guidelines for involving…

The University of Utah in building a planning, programming, and budgeting system has developed an analytical measurement called enrichment analysis that has proved useful in focusing faculty and administration attention during budget setting on long-range planning, objectives and outputs. Enrichment analysis shows not only the rate of increase in…

Information is provided concerning California's newly enacted Early Childhood Education Program. The plan calls for restructuring the K-3 program to allow for: (1) lower adult-pupil ratios; (2) individualized, diagnostic instruction; (3) parent participation and involvement; (4) parent education; and (5) expanded inservice education to upgrade…