This report provides guidelines for developing the centralized administration of a multi-unit community college district and describes the experiences of several community colleges as they expanded into multi-unit districts. The term "multi-unit" includes both multi-campus and multi-college districts. The former is a district which operates two or…

This is one of six studies that describe the different aspects of education in Sri Lanka and how they were affected by the major educational reforms of 1972. This particular booklet discusses educational management and how it has changed in response to the 1972 reforms. Individual chapters focus in turn on the historical background of education in…

Research results are collated and presented concerning the change in Finland from a binary system of education to a more unitary system, the "comprehensive school," involving a single primary school (grades one through nine) and a choice between vocational and senior secondary school (grades ten through twelve). The new system, being…

Eleven country reports and five special articles, contributed by educators who have been associated with the planning of education in their countries, are presented. In analyzing their experiences, educators not only pinpoint organizational and procedural shortcomings from which educational planning has suffered in Asia, but also highlight what…

The effect of the women's movement on the lives of academic women potentially has a major impact on college and university campuses. Although the movement has already reached thousands of students, chiefly through women's studies programs, it has not yet begun to change the institutions of higher education. The four women who are the authors of…

The purpose of this paper is to define HETFIRE (the title of a report by the Higher Education Task Force on Improvement and Reform in American Education), and to identify and discuss the key elements contained in HETFIRE. The task force was established in 1972 to determine and conceptualize the best thinking of the higher education teacher…

Critics of the National Education Association (NEA) have often charged that it has been dominated by school and college administrators and, therefore, has failed to reflect adequately the views of teachers, who constitute the vast majority of its membership. However, the growing militance of the NEA during the 1960's would make paradoxical the…

This practicum report describes a year-long effort to reorganize a large urban junior high school according to the "house plan" concept, in which the school is organized administratively and geographically by grade level, rather than by academic department. The reorganization plan involved five major changes, including relocation of departments…

The problem of public school education in today's environment is presented, and a case is made for restructuring public school organizations and/or management processes along the pattern of an open systems approach. The closed system of operating allows externalities to impact on it, and there is a continuing emphasis on reacting. With the benefit…

Begun in 1948, The National Health Service was organized in a "functional" pattern of three main groups: hospital service, primary health care, and community health services and personal social services. Dissatisfaction led to a reorganization in 1974 along geographical divisions for region, area, and district levels, necessitating a…

The object of this practicum was to help the small North Smithfield (Rhode Island) School System convert its budgetary procedures from a traditional Function/Object Budget to a Planning, Programing, Budgeting System (PPBS) format. The practicum effort incorporated an inservice training component for key staff members, plus a cooperative effort…

As academic libraries increase in size and become more complex, their organization tends to become more bureaucratic in nature and resistant to change. This paper describes a range of both internal and external strategies which have been used to introduce constructive change into the management of academic libraries in North America and the major…

Research into the process of educational change has centered largely around the diffusion concept--the spread or permeation of an innovation from system to system or from school to school throughout a particular state or number of states. It is as if many teachers and administrators have understood the purpose of educational change to be the…

A school administrator is influenced by the roles and expectations of the school, the school district, and the clientele, as much as the school is influenced by his personal style as administrator. This notion necessitates a reexamination of the so-called administrative leadership tradition which presumes that the power, authority, and influence…

To help solve the organizational and administrative problems preventing the educational system from fully meeting society's present and future needs, this project sought to: (1) analyze the system's strengths and weaknesses, (2) develop tentative guidelines for reorganization of 16 state vocational education systems, and (3) field test an…