The last four decades have seen a dramatic increase in the number of women entering employment. This is particularly true in Europe and although more European women are working outside the home, the patterns of female employment have changed very little. An analysis of these patterns is presented. It was found that women continue to dominate…

A process study was conducted in two phases to measure the effects of whether a mother's participation in a Toughlove program improved her child's behavior. During phase 1, small-group Toughlove meetings were used for observation and then were tape-recorded and transcribed. Transcriptions were coded to identify instances of social support;…

Investigated the interaction of demonstrated knowledge of assertive behavior with treatments for nonassertive behavior to clarify the interaction of deficits with treatments. Results failed to support a differential treatment approach to assertion based on demonstrated knowledge. (Author)

Carried out a principal axes factor analysis on the Improvisation Test for Individuals, a roleplaying technique for assessing interpersonal styles in adults. A structure of five factors, basically supported by subsequent oblique rotations, was identified as: Interpersonal Involvement, Task-oriented Assertiveness, Relationship-oriented…

Examined assertive bids of elementary school children engaged in a cooperative task. Results from kindergarten and grade one participants support previous research regarding greater male assertiveness and attempts to influence other boys. By grade three, girls' overall assertiveness equaled that of boys. (Author/DB)

Seventy-five subjects, who spanned the range of assertiveness, completed two self-report measures of assertiveness, eight role-playing situations involving positive and negative assertiveness, and a telephone in-vivo task. Correlations between the three measurement methods were examined. (Author/SJL)

This study compared personality characteristics of 25 volunteers for a women's assertiveness group with a control group of vocational counselees and the norm group on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS). Results suggested that women are highly concerned with the approval of others, moderately inhibited in expressing their feelings, but…

Examines the moral atmosphere of athletic teams to athletes' self-described likelihood to be aggressive (SLA). Reports athletes indicated they would be more aggressive if they thought their coach supported such behavior. Argues the findings show that the influence of others can shape the moral atmosphere operating on youth sports teams. (CAJ)

This article describes a promising approach to the implementation of psycho-social goals in middle school physical education: assertiveness training. Assertiveness is distinguished from aggressiveness, and several assertiveness activities for the curriculum are suggested. (IAH)

Relationships were examined between measures of shyness and self-esteem for 53 preschool children. Shyness was negatively related to a self-esteem rating and to a measure of the child's expectations of self-efficacy in performing motor tasks. Continued attention to early shyness in empirical, theoretical, and practical work is suggested. (Author)

Describes a systematic program conducted at a rural secondary school to teach students with moderate mental retardation ways to resist peer pressure. Peers without disabilities were used to identify common situations of peer pressure and to serve as confederates in setting up situations where students with mental retardation learned to "just say…

Studied predictors of social dominance and the effects of social dominance on the play behavior of 16 young children 1 to 3 years old. Observed multiple interactions with multiple partners to explore individual-level effects and effects due to individual-partner interactions. Found support for expectations that social dominance mediates…

Examined parent-child play with sex-stereotyped toys in young U.S. children of varied ethnic background. Found that the play activity accounted for a large proportion of the variance in parents' and children's mean affiliation and assertion ratings. Identified gender and ethnic group differences. Highlighted the importance of role modeling and…

The current study modeled developmental trajectories of ethnic identity exploration and affirmation and belonging from middle to late adolescence (ages 15-18) and examined how these trajectories varied according to ethnicity, gender, immigrant status, and perceived level of discrimination. The sample consisted of 135 urban low-income Black and…

A curriculum of "Special Topics" for workplace education programs was developed. Project staff took into account former participants' suggestions and recommendations for workshop topics and brainstormed ideas for inclusion into the curriculum. Both commercially produced and instructor-made materials on stress management, communication…