When public institutions have been found guilty of discrimination, court-ordered racial quotas take precedence over both seniority and tenure. Since the Constitution is the basic law of the land, rights based on it supersede those derived from state law or contracts. (LHW)

The Supreme Court issued an unclear decision in "Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education." The case generated five opinions that do not agree on a single set of legal principles to give needed guidance to public officials. Includes discussion of two other cases relating to affirmative action and hiring practices. (MD)

Graduate students from minority cultures were surveyed to assess their academic views of themselves and their perceptions of others' views of their academic ability. Overall, the students strongly support Student Affirmative Action (SAA), however, they believed SAA has been only marginally effective in helping minorities. (Author/BL)

The leadership of higher education, represented by governing boards and presidents, must renew a commitment to affirmative action and equal employment opportunity as a vehicle of social justice, as a model for other institutions of society to emulate. (Author/MSE)

Presents a history of the numerical basis of federal affirmative action programs. Focuses particularly on the Philadelphia Plan and congressional activity since the mid-1960s. Argues that numbers have played a necessary role in attempts to alleviate racial discrimination. (KH)

Student opinions on affirmative action were surveyed in 1977 and 1981 at the University of California at Davis (litigant in the Bakke case). In sum, affirmative action attitude appears to be affected by how the issue is framed, the basic political views of those questioned, who they are socially, and when they are queried. (KH)

Data relating to the hiring of academic administrators are presented, showing substantial changes in the hiring process, but little evidence to support the intent of legislation to involve more minorities in academic leadership and management. (Author/MLW)

Use of an experiential learning approach in which participants learn from data generated in exercises, cases, and role-playing has a lasting impact when participants return to their jobs. (Author)

The author used participant observation techniques to determine what the 1972 Congressional affirmative action mandate meant to Head Start personnel, and what happened as a result of the mandate. The author's findings variously contradict or explain the results of a survey conducted in 1973 by the Office of Child Development. (SJL)

This paper explains people's preferences for ethnic and racial diversity in higher education through a model based on self-interest. Although all citizens from the majority group value diversity and their own education in the same way, their preferences for the level of diversity as well as the means of achieving it depend on their competitive…

On March 28, 2003 the U.S. Department of Education (ED) issued a report titled "Race-Neutral Alternatives in Postsecondary Education: Innovative Approaches to Diversity." The purpose of this report is to describe a number of race-neutral approaches that postsecondary institutions across the United States are using. This staff assessment by the…

Presents the Norwegian Ministry of Education's recommendations to the Council of Europe for reforming European education to prevent sex discrimination against women at the elementary and secondary levels. (AM)

Interviews of 30 women in the parks and recreation field centered on: (1) how their careers developed; (2) whether and how they have been discriminated against; and (3) advice they have for other career-minded women. Experiences and perceptions these women share and other aspects of their careers are presented. (CJ)

Reviews legislation and labor policies which have discriminated historically against Blacks as a class and explains how Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was intended to redress such generalized discrimination. Discusses political and economic factors that jeopardize already insufficient efforts to enforce equal employment opportunities…