Many experiments can be conducted in spring and early summer when many of the flowering plants must hurriedly bloom before the leafage of the trees and bushes takes most of the needed sunlight away. (DF)

A small pond in a schoolyard provided year-round biological activities for children. As seasons changed, concepts and life relations also changed. Besides microscopic organisms in water, children learned about microscopic algae, detritus, and food chains. Concepts of predator-prey relationships and of ecosystems were successfully developed. (PS)

Describes a continuing program incorporating ecological instruction and independent field studies, based upon a local lake in place of usual advanced biology program. (AL)

Describes techniques for introducing studies of the soil in the early primary grades or in preschool classes. Includes suggestions for observation of soil samples, field trips to examine various soils in situ, and establishing a small garden. (AL)

Instrument, measuring 7th grade student knowledge of the world of work, was developed by the Pennsylvania Department of Education for consideration as part of the state assessment project. (Authors/MB)

Suggests methods of teaching principles of geological inference by observation of sidewalks, parking lots, school grounds, and vacant lots. (AL)

Describes an integrated five week, self-pacing project for instruction on geologic maps. Each student collects samples, and uses a topographic quadrangle and a generalized geologic map of the Valley and Ridge Province of Pennsylvania. (PR)

The use of matched sampling in experimental and nonexperimental research ahs been frustrated by the problems of attrition and incomplete matching. The amount of attrition of sample size and incomplete matching are shown to be a function of various aspects of the research, including the level of measurement of the matching variables, the sampling…

Describes an investigation which introduces the mathematical principles of stream hydraulics and fluvial sediment in a practical context. The investigation has four stages: defining hydrology of the stream; defining channel hydraulics in a study reach; measuring grain size; and calculating transportable grain size and comparing measure stream-bed…

Discusses content, laboratory work, and field studies of a senior-level course in paleopedology (study of fossil soils). The course explores interpretation of ancient terrestrial environments from fossil soils and the study of the fossil record of such soils as an additional approach to earth history. (JN)