An overview of research on implicit speech from 1868 to 1970 is presented. Various studies are reviewed in which a variety of mechanical devices were used to examine the physiological changes that occur during silent reading. Edfelt's use of a mingograph in 1950 was considered a breakthrough, along with his conclusion that efforts to eliminate…

Self-teaching machines housed in trailer-classrooms were used to help 400 high school students improve their reading skills. The students, who were one or more years below grade level in reading skills at the start of the project, made positive gains in vocabulary and comprehension; progress was from two to six times that which was expected based…

This review of the literature related to the cloze procedure includes most of the studies reported from 1953 to 1971. One hundred ninety-eight documents are included and are divided into four categories, studies in which the cloze procedure has been applied (1) as a measure of readability, (2) as a measure of comprehension, (3) as a measure of…

Three generic types of information processing (IP) models are considered in this paper. They are: the General Problem Solver, developed by Simon; interactive natural language models exemplified by the work of Weizenbaum, and the quantitative instructional models developed by Atkinson. These were selected primarily because of their potential for…

This study tested the effectiveness of bibliocounseling, group counseling using books as an adjunct, on 48 fourth-grade boys whose third-grade reading scores fell two or more stanines below their third-grade IQ scores. The Gates MacGinitie Reading Test, Survey D; the San Diego County Inventory of Reading Attitude; and the Self-Concept and…

This paper discusses two aspects of reading as a cognitive process as they relate to instruction based on the intellectual operation performed during the act of reading. The first consideration is an assumption that comprehension skills are based on a set of underlying cognitive tasks or operations which can be developed through instruction. The…

To test the effectiveness of the cloze procedure for developing comprehension skills in reading at the intermediate level, 189 sixth graders were divided into small groups or asked to work independently during this reading program, which lasted five weeks. The materials were presented both as cloze materials and in unmutilated form, followed by…

Two experimental groups and a control group were employed for this research, which was designed to measure the effect of cloze training upon the reading comprehension of fourth-grade pupils when the training focused upon the use of structure words and verbalizations by pupils concerning responses to cloze exercises. Pretest measures of reading…

Tests for four letter-sound generalizations--"c" pronounced as [k] or [s] and "a" pronounced as [ae] or [e]--were given to 73 first, second, and third grade children at six-week intervals during a single school year. Each test included five synthetic words (e.g., cipe, acim, bice, cib, ocet) for each generalization. Children responded individually…

Through an analysis of children's reading materials published in the 1930's and 1960's, an attempt was made to show the difference in the amount of responses requiring literal comprehension (i.e., direct or paraphrased answers from the reading materials) and critical comprehension (i.e., use of interpretive and critical reading skills). Examined…

The preliterate child must acquire from reading instruction at least the following skills: (a) appropriate scanning behavior, (b) letter and word recognition, (c) letter-sound generalizations, and (d) comprehension of written materials, at least to the degree that the reader can comprehend the same message when received aurally. Almost all modern…

The National Assessment of Reading was not based on any one particular approach to the subject of reading. Its primary assumption was that information would help anyone who is interested in reading--regardless of his approach to the subject--determine for himself how well Americans read. The results of this assessment are reported according to a…

Reported were results of 17,000 Stanford Academic Achievement Tests administered to students enrolled in primary and secondary educational programs for the hearing impaired. Test results were presented according to student age and three classifications of hearing loss levels. Bar graphs and tables showed subtest patterning trends for the learning…

One aspect of a balanced reading program is thinking activities that involve analytic, creative, critical and other higher level behaviors relative to reading selections. The following questions discussed in the paper are meant to be helpful as guidelines for principals in purchasing materials, supervising teachers, and evaluating the effects of…

Differences between comprehension of inductively presented material and of deductively presented materials as reflected by scores on multiple-choice and cloze tests of comprehension were sought using specifically constructed materials. The Logical Patterns Test was designed with a series of multiple-choice tests in one section and a series of…