The effects of situational influences and sex differences in the reward allocation behavior of children was investigated in four studies. Experiment 1 focused on the distribution of rewards to workers presented as being in either a unit or non-unit relationship with each other. The second experiment determined whether a similar pattern of sex…

This collection of symposium papers provides current synthesis of research in the field of physical education and health. The importance of movement, body coordination, and physical activity in promoting better understanding and relationships between different ethnic groups is discussed. The hopeful possibilities provided by motor activities for…

The purpose of this pilot project was to determine whether involvement, as described by verbal and nonverbal indicators, increased as children worked at language arts learning centers characterized by increasing possibilities for involvement. Twelve first graders, randomly selected from an open space school, were each observed at three learning…

The effects of varying the formats of behavior rating scale items on teacher ratings of student hyperactivity were investigated. Two hundred forty-two teachers were asked to rate a variety of children; some had been identified as hyperactive by physicians, parents, or teachers; some were not considered hyperactive; and others were randomly…

The association between usage of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana and other behaviors was investigated among ninth graders in 40 schools in Ontario. A sample of 1008 boys and 1040 girls gave information on a range of behaviors and activities. Results indicated that drug usage was strongly associated with delinquent, sexual and social behavior. Both…

This study was designed to investigate and analyze specific instructor and student behaviors in introductory and advanced laboratories of five science disciplines (botany, chemistry, geology, physics, and zoology) at a major midwestern university. The instructor sample involved teaching assistants from various science departments. The student…

Lindvall's observation system has been designed to assess elementary school students' behaviors in an Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) project. It measures the self-directiveness of the student by determining how pupils use their classroom time when they are not actively being guided by a teacher. The system focuses on student behaviors,…

A sociolinguistic study of pupil interpretations of the functions of teacher praise in lessons involved 165 pupils in six classes in a single multiethnic, lower socioeconomic status, elementary school. Procedures involved videotaping six language arts lessons in each classroom. After playbacks of videotapes, pupils were asked individually, "What…

The role of television in creating sex role attitudes in preschool children was examined. Boys and girls from two suburban nursery schools watched brief shows depicting male, female, and male and female puppets playing. In subsequent play the children's behavior was observed to see which sex was emulated most frequently. Both boys and girls tended…

THE AREA TO WHICH THIS GROUP OF TEACHERS WILL BE SENT IS CHARACTERIZED BY ITS LARGE INFLUX OF POOR NEGRO FAMILIES WITH POOR CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS. SOME OF THE PROBLEMS OF THIS AREA WILL REQUIRE A BROAD-SCALE, CAREFULLY ANALYZED, AND PLANNED ATTACK WITHIN AND BY PUBLIC SCHOOLS. EVERY SCHOOL HAS A HIDDEN OR SUBLIMINAL CURRICULUM WHICH TEACHES, IN…

ON THE BASIS OF SEVERAL ASSUMPTIONS STEMMING FROM THE PRIMARY ONE THAT "INTELLECT IS DEVELOPED RATHER THAN INHERITED," OBSERVATION TECHNIQUES WERE DEVELOPED TO OBTAIN A MORE COMPLETE AND ACCURATE DESCRIPTION OF STUDENTS' CHARACTERISTICS AS LEARNERS, PARTICULARLY SINCE INTELLECT "OPERATES IN A CONTEXT OF EMOTION THAT (INTELLIGENCE)…

EFFORTS WERE MADE IN THIS STUDY TO (1) RELATE THE AMOUNT OF SILENT SPEECH DURING SILENT READING TO LEVEL OF READING PROFICIENCY, INTELLIGENCE, AGE, AND GRADE PLACEMENT OF SUBJECTS, AND (2) DETERMINE WHETHER THE AMOUNT OF SILENT SPEECH DURING SILENT READING IS AFFECTED BY THE LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY OF PROSE READ AND BY THE READING OF A FOREIGN…

Observations made by kindergarten teachers of their children and the researchers' observations of the same children were used in this study to examine the impact of television cartoons on children's free play behavior. Sixty-five kindergarten children and their teachers (N=18) were studied. Each child was individually interviewed and was asked the…

Psychological and verbal abuse of referees and umpires by athletes and spectators was examined in an effort to determine the basic attitudes that contribute to the phenomenon. This research focused on three questions. First, is there a similarity in how athletes and nonathletes feel about political authority and sport officials? Second, what is…

Kruglanski's endogenous-exogenous partition, when applied to reasons given by smokers for smoking cigarettes, distinguishes two types of actions: (1) endogenous reasons implying that the behavior of consuming the cigarette is the goal of the action and the actor is positive toward the behavior, and (2) exogenous reasons implying that the behavior…