Educational planners know that international leadership in the 21st century will require a workforce that is: (1) skilled in science and technology; (2) able to provide better products and services; and (3) trained to solve problems by creative, innovative, and critical thinking. School reform is needed to enhance the potential leadership for this…

A study explored how various groups within school systems defined and identified change and institutionalization and how people viewed their own individual roles in district efforts to implement and institutionalize change. Three districts were selected based on similarities in organizational structure, instructional program offerings, student…

The Hatch Act of 1887 established agricultural experiment stations to conduct agricultural research. It also called for the diffusion of agricultural information to the public. Land-grant university presidents and agricultural professors formalized the establishment of an association to improve communications and coordinate activities in regards…

Froebelian kindergartens, popular in the United States during the late 1800's, were widely accepted as an effective way to assimilate immigrant children and their parents into the mainstream of the nation's culture. This paper focuses on the immigration patterns that led to an emphasis upon the educational system of Froebel, upon the effectiveness…

The Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) granted public land to the states to establish agricultural and mechanical colleges. The land grant concept of bringing the services of the colleges to the farmers and mechanics was implemented by the Hatch Act (1887). Other important acts were the Second Morrill Act (1890), which gave monetary supplements to…

This monograph discusses the Vocational Education Act of 1963 (VEA) and the factors that led to its passage. An introduction provides an overview of the changes brought about by supply and demand, which led to passage of the VEA. The impact of the Smith Hughes Act, effects of World War II, and the issue of unemployment in the 1950s are considered.…

This monograph discusses the evolution of vocational instruction and how society plays a role in the training from early tribal customs in training to the apprenticeships and then to structuralized instruction in the trade schools, colleges, and universities due to legislation passed as late as 1983. Forces that influenced changes in vocational…

The discovery and deciphering of the Rosetta stone led to a rediscovery of Egypt's contribution to world culture and civilization. This document outlines the growth of knowledge and education in ancient Egypt and emphasizes the disciplines of science, medicine, art, philosophy, agriculture, and engineering. Ancient Egypt's decline and the…

A conceptual framework for the study of education is proposed and then used in case studies which examine education and educational change in Australia and Sweden. There are three main aspects to the study of education and educational change: (1) the social-structural framework, which includes both the structure of society as a whole and of the…

For the first 200 years of American higher education, the baccalaureate program was shaped by the authority of tradition, seldom challenged, and easily accommodating new learning and changing social conditions. After the Civil War, the authority of tradition was undermined by emerging professional academicians, trained in particular bodies of…

Intended as an introduction to the use of educational media in the Less Developed Countries (LDCs), this bibliography provides an overview of materials available in government documents collections. The 33 documents listed are derived principally from the Agency for International Development (AID), with 2 documents having been included from the…

The development of human resource development (HRD) can be considered from two perspectives--the development of HRD as a concept and the development of HRD practitioners. If HRD as a field of study and practice is to develop, then the development of HRD practitioners is of paramount importance. In Australia, HRD is just beginning to come into its…

The 14 symposium papers presented in this document provide a diverse historical and personal interpretation of Alaska's educational development. Titles and authors are: "Conflicting Priorities, Conflicting Opinions: Alaskan Development and Sheldon Jackson, Educator" (Ted Hinckley); "Sheldon Jackson and the Constitutionality of the…

Contrary to the widely accepted belief that no early childhood education provision was evident until the twentieth century, archives date the advent of infant schools in India to the 1830s in Bengal, contemporaneous with developments in England. The Church Missionary Society's infant schools aimed to educate children (and women) from the lower…

This paper argues that the most significant trend in applied linguistics is the emergence of the field as a generic discipline, involving several subareas, all characterised by the aim of developing theoretical and empirical studies of language as a key element in real world problems. Various subsidiary trends are apparent including numerous…