Everyone has different expectations of the principal, but there are successful techniques for principals to identify, clarify, and cope with them. (JM)

The precision of measurements in today's society is discussed and is related to the range of uncertainty or variation of measurement. Numerous examples provide insight into the margin of error in any measurement. The issue of uncertainty is particularly applicable to levels of toxic chemicals in the environment. (SA)

Two experiments were conducted to examine the role of sex differences in learned helplessness in the generalization of failure experience. Subjects in experiment 1 were fifth graders and subjects in experiment 2 were fourth, fifth, and sixth graders. (MP)

College students' expectations for subsequent performance were manipulated by false evaluative feedback from instructors. Subjects then listened to an audiotaped lecture, and took an exam on the lecture. Subjects rated the instructor who gave the lecture. The evaluative feedback manipulation had a significant effect on subjects' performance and…

Develops an empirical framework for examining the process and outcome of negotiation. The hypothesis of the proposed model is confirmed indicating that prenegotiation expectations and social power strategy implementation are the most significant predictors of outcome. Also examines the situation and personality traits relevant to the negotiation…

Accuracy of expectation for oneself and for another was assessed on a perceptual judgement task with first, third, and fifth graders. Significant main effects of grade and feedback level were observed, whereas the significant performer effect was confounded by a grade X performer interaction. Sex differences were insignificant. (Author/SJL)

The effect of performance evaluations on expectations for future performances is studied using an extension of a Bayesian model. Whereas the model was originally limited to the cases where person C is both an actor and an observer, in the present extension these become particular cases of the model. (Author/RD)

Trained 3-month olds to move an overhead crib mobile while one of two musical selections was played, and assessed retention one or seven days later in presence of same or different music. Found that infants displayed one-day retention regardless of musical selection. At seven days, retention was seen only when test music matched training music.…

Drawing on two studies, investigated how students' (N=471) school adjustment and sense of school membership related to future expectations. Results indicate that students' social acceptance and school experiences, especially with their peers, predicted future expectations, suggesting that students' individual experiences during school hours guide…

Tested the hypothesis that training in statistical reasoning inhibits erroneous group stereotypes. In study one, 60 students were assigned to a control or one of two training conditions focused on training in the logic of analysis of covariance. Study two (N=82) replicated study one. Study three (N=44) tested an alternative explanation, providing…

Dissatisfied with the mismatch between letter grades and their new (state-mandated) curricular emphases, the Tucson (Arizona) Public Schools began experimenting with rubric descriptions of student progress. The prototype progress report assesses students in two general categories: learner qualities and content areas. Frequent communication with…

Explores how metaphors are used to identify and store some expectations that structure schools' interactions and communications. Outlines a systems-theoretical view of schools derived from Niklas Luhmann's social theories. Illustrates how the metaphors identified in an earlier study provide material contexts for identifying and storing structures…

This study evaluated three models of gifted education implemented by seven elementary regular classroom teachers. All models showed a strong relationship between cognitive level of teacher queries and student responses. The Cognitive-Affective Interaction Model produced the best increases in cognitive complexity of classroom interactions and…

Differences in research expectations from the perspectives of the consumer (parents and individuals with autism) and the professional academic or research scientist are highlighted. The role of parent groups in supporting and receiving support from the National Institutes of Health is noted. (DB)