This survey report provides information on senior administrators in four types of arts organizations: resident theaters, art museums, symphony orchestras, and community arts agencies. It examines: (1) their backgrounds and careers; (2) the rewards they receive from their work; (3) their expectations about future employment; (4) their training and…

Professional disclosure in counseling is the process of informing clients about the services being provided and the persons providing those services. It includes the issues of client expectation, accountability and consumerism and counselor credentialing. The effects of a professional disclosure statement on client expectations, behavior, and…

Previous research has shown that different emotions are associated with different attributions. To examine the situational context, i.e., the relationships between attributions and emotions as well as the inter-relationships within emotions and within attributions under separate success and failure conditions, 208 college students performed…

A study was conducted to examine continuities and discontinuities in the socialization experiences of toddler-age children attending day care. Interaction between adults and children during socialization episodes was observed in home and day care settings. Parents rated their extent of agreement with the teacher regarding discipline and the extent…

Education is the means by which society provides for the transmission or advancement of its culture and it is formally done at schools that are the arena of human interaction aimed at producing learning. But some people in that interaction aimed at producing learning cannot achieve as much as the others due to some social or individual factors…

Focused on in a discussion of sexuality and the handicapped are perspectives of various individuals or groups, specific problems and issues in sexual expression, and recommendations for handling sexual problems. (MC)

This study hypothesized that teachers would hold natural expectancies--positive or negative--for students' performance from having previously taught students' older siblings in the same class, depending upon older siblings' performance levels. These students would then differ from no-expectancy controls on specific classroom behaviors and…

This study examined the influence of male and female models on the expectancies, achievement, and attributions of college students. A factorial design varied sex of subjects (male, female), sex of models (male, female), and causal attribution offered by models for completion of a novel task (effort, luck, ability, task difficulty). Females'…

Recent developments in cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence have shown that various types of prior knowledge play important roles in understanding during text processing and have resulted in a new kind of model for conceptual processing, "procedural semantics." This paper discusses two types of units, or schemata, which,…

The author identifies three school practices which discriminate against Black children and proposes three measures school systems can take toward a more equitable learning experience. The following negative practices are discussed: overenrollment of Black children in special education classes for the emotionally disturbed, the disproportionate…

This report examines the impact of certain key features of schooling organizations on student outcomes with specific attention to three key concepts: expectation, evaluation, and reward. Previous research on schooling outcomes is reviewed and complemented by the presentation of a theory (based on Parsonian concepts of social action) of school…

Extensive research has been conducted examining the effects of teacher expectations on student performance, revealing reasonably consistent patterns of differential behavior by teachers toward high and low expectation students. Few theories which integrate isolated research findings into a causal sequence have emerged, however. One such model…

Although widowhood is a disruptive and inevitable phenomenon for many older people, few studies have explored either adjustment to widowhood or the impact of widowhood on the lives of elderly people. Recently widowed persons (N=51), ranging in age from 49 to 83 years old, were interviewed to examine their relatively immediate psychosocial…

An information-processing view of perceptual motor performance holds that the processes involved in perception are organizational and depend on past experiences. In motor tasks which require anticipation, an individual uses past experience to predict what may happen. Yet bias effects in perceptual judgments, including bias caused by contextual…

Differences between freshman expectations at the University of Maryland in 1968 and 1969 were assessed using data from College and University Environment Scales (CUES). Two editions of CUES have been published. CUES I consists of 150 statements about university life that help to define the atmosphere of the institution as seen by the student. The…