This study examines whether early nursery attendance is related to child neurodevelopment at 1 year of age, considering other family socioeconomic factors. Neurodevelopment was measured through the Mental Development Index and the Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) of the Bayley Child Development Scales in 688 infants between 2005 and 2007 in the INMA-Valencia cohort, Spain. Linear and logistic regression models analysed the relationship between nursery attendance and infant neurodevelopment. Multivariate analyses revealed an association between nursery attendance and an increased risk of a PDI < 85 (odds ratio = 2.18; 95% confidence interval: 1.31, 3.64), with a trend with starting age and hours per day of attendance. In stratified analyses, this association was stronger in infants from lower-class families. No relationship was found with mental development. Attending nursery at an early age may be associated with worse psychomotor development, which is not explained by social inequalities in childhood neurodevelopment.