Students who are deaf or hard of hearing are increasingly being educated in regular education classrooms along with their typical hearing peers. Establishing educational environments that address their unique needs is essential for their success. Response to intervention (RtI), as it is being implemented in the United States, provides a framework…

This study investigated the relationship between organizational culture and the implementation of Response to Intervention in one elementary school. It examined issues corresponding to change within a system, with particular attention to those relating to school culture. An ethnographic approach was used to gather data, including the collection of…

Legislation has mandated that schools provide instruction in the general education setting to students who are not performing on grade level by using a response to intervention (RTI) process and provide subsequent interventions. However, evidence suggests that teachers lack an understanding of RTI, which may impact implementation and the progress…

The gap in achievement between students from different socioeconomic backgrounds continues to challenge educators. As schools with high poverty populations continue to struggle, many disadvantaged students are subsequently referred for special education services. Educators today are faced with the problem of disproportionality, an over…

This volume addresses the most current perspectives and issues related to learning disabilities and is written by leaders in the field of learning disabilities. The layout of the book and ordering of chapters allows readers to follow learning disabilities in a very logical and thoughtful process from legal issues, identification, and assessment,…

This study examined the effectiveness of a targeted early literacy intervention among Spanish-speaking kindergarten English Learners (ELs). Using a Response to Intervention (RtI) framework, participants were screened in English to ensure a need for additional literacy support. Selected students were then screened in Spanish, and students with…

After decades of growth, the number of special education teachers (SETs) has begun to decline. In 2009, U.S. schools employed 13% fewer SETs than in 2006. The number of annual new hires of SETs also dropped dramatically in some states. The onset of these declines predated the economic downturn of 2008 and resulted in part from a steady decline…

This article discusses a qualitative case study examining one middle school's response to intervention (RtI) efforts. Study participants included the principal, assistant principal, and members of the school's leadership team. A description of the RtI consensus and infrastructure-building processes, consideration of the RtI facilitators, and a…

Society has witnessed significant improvements in the lives of students receiving transition services over the past 30 years. The field of transition has developed an array of evidence-based interventions and promising practices; however, secondary school reform efforts have often overlooked these approaches for youth without disabilities. If we…

Student achievement has been directly linked to school climate over the last decade leading researchers and school leaders to look closely at the way in which low performing schools administer discipline. This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of four school leaders in the state of Florida as they experienced state and district…

The compelling force behind education is improving teacher quality. This research study was designed to find out how improving teacher quality in terms of RTI knowledge occurred at differing levels of instruction and how faculty perceived the changing role of general education teachers and administrators with regard to RTI. Participants in the…

The purpose of this case study was to demonstrate the influence of Tier 1 of Response to Intervention and Instruction (RtI[superscript 2]) and instructional coaching on teachers' instruction and on students' and English Language Learners' (ELL) learning. Research was conducted in one large urban elementary school. The unit of study…

The purpose of this study was to examine how the Response to Instruction and Intervention (RtI2) framework was implemented at a culturally, ethnically, and linguistically diverse urban school. This study also evaluated the effectiveness of Burst: Early Literacy Intervention (Wireless Generation®, 2009), a Tier 2 intervention program, in regards to…

We review the concept of response to intervention (RtI) as it is being applied to emotional and behavioral disorders (EDB) in the early part of the 21st century, examining how it differs from and incorporates features of other approaches to addressing those problems, including pre-referral interventions, applied behavior analysis, functional…

This review provides an introduction to response to intervention (RTI), including how it is defined, reasons for its growing popularity, an introduction to an emerging body of research, a brief discussion of what it all means, and suggestions about directions for future research. [This was originally published as part of a larger study, "The…