This paper explores the relationships among policy, structure, and culture of educational organizations, specifically, the relationships between policy-mandated educational change and the organizational variables of coupling and culture. A framework for research on policy implementation is presented, which illustrates the interactive relationships…

A review of research on the feasibility of extending the school day/year is the purpose of this report. The first section discusses the outcomes of such proposals since April 1983 and concludes that they have failed to generate widespread acceptance. The second part assesses the validity of international comparisons used to justify such proposals.…

Discrepancies between actual and desirable organizational cultures, with a focus on the implications for improving administrator training, are examined in this report. The desirable characteristics of a productive school culture are determined and compared with the perceptions of Australian and U.S. staff. A mailed survey of 587 practitioners in…

This study compares zoned high schools, special public magnet schools, and Catholic high schools to identify features that motivate low-income students. Ten days of observations, interviews, and reviews of student records were conducted at eight New York City schools. Of the eight, three were Catholic high schools, two were zoned high schools, and…

The six chapters of this publication describe primary education in Bangladesh. Chapter 1 traces the development of primary education through British, Pakistani, and post-independence periods. Chapter 2 briefly reviews constitutional and legal mandates for primary education in Bangladesh. Chapter 3 describes the general organization and…

Several reforms recently proposed for secondary schools and their impact on students and schools are discussed. One type of reform being proposed for secondary schools is aimed at students and at the schools' power to make sorting judgments about students. Examples of these reforms are differentiated diplomas, minimal competency tests for…

Birnbaum's 1982 study of diversity in higher education is reviewed, and the development of an indicator series on institutional diversity is evaluated. Birnbaum studied diversity in higher education in the framework of a natural selection or population ecology model, which emphasizes the importance of environmental factors in shaping populations…

The present upper secondary school system in Japan accommodates 94 percent of the corresponding age group population. This discussion of the new upper secondary schools of Japan begins with a brief survey of the history of the Japanese public education system from its inauguration in 1872 up to 1945. The next section describes the inauguration and…

This paper discusses the links among (1) schools' formal organizational structures; (2) the interactions of administrators and faculties; and (3) the patterns of thinking that grow from these interactions. These in turn have consequences for teacher-student interactions, and ultimately effect the cognitive development of students. Each of these…

This bibliography provides a recommended list of research and theoretical literature in the field of secondary education. It organizes the literature into three main categories: (1) references of general interest; (2) reform strategies designed to promote academic achievement; and (3) literature relevant to the specific research projects conducted…

Strategic planning initiated by the recently created State System of Higher Education (SSHE) in Pennsylvania is examined. Components of the strategic approach found in the literature and dimensions generally considered critical for both strategic formulation and strategic understanding are considered. Attention is directed to the multicampus…

The National Study of School Evaluation (NSSE) developed and tested a self-evaluation instrument to be used by unit schools (having grades K-12 under one administration and usually under the same roof or at least on the same grounds). A National Advisory Committee wrote the new instrument, compiling items from existing NSSE evaluative materials…

The relationship between the congruence, strength, and type of organizational culture and organizational effectiveness was studied, based on questionnaire responses by 3,406 administrators, faculty department heads, and trustees from 334 colleges and universities. Respondents rated the extent to which certain characteristics were present at their…

This article reports on the relationship between the informal behavior of teachers and the formal organization of the school. A field study was conducted over a six month period at one high school. Research questions focused on patterns of behavior which were created by teachers to sustain individuals on the job and to promote continuation of…

Reform of schools can be carried out only by people with a strong sense of commitment and a strong sense of humor. (JH)