Describes guidelines for gestalt training emphasizing observation of novice and expert therapists, opportunities to practice skills, and procedures to provide trainees with immediate feedback. Claims three methods of evaluation are useful to trainees: publicly monitoring progress; increasing specificity of feedback; and helping trainees to…

This paper reviews the prominent concepts of the stuttering event and concerns about the reliability of stuttering event measurements, specifically interjudge agreement. Recent attempts to resolve the stuttering measurement problem are reviewed, and the implications of developing an improved measurement system are discussed. (Author/JDD)

This article provides a model for inviting children to "an exploration in ecology" by observing earthworms. It gives reasons to explore earthworms and guides the investigator through a detailed examination of the worms to answer 21 observation questions. Explores the ways in which earthworms interact with their environment. (LZ)

Observation of 20 English physical education teachers giving lessons showed that they frequently used behaviors associated with positive psychosocial development (positive reinforcement, encouragement, technical instruction) and infrequently used those associated with negative development (nonreinforcement, punishment, ignoring mistakes, keeping…

One assessment method used in early childhood classrooms is videotapes of each child. Videos can be viewed by teachers, parents, specialists, and others to track individual growth and development and plan tailored strategies. (SK)

Suggests that newcomers need several types of information to reduce uncertainty surrounding organizational entry. Surveys 117 newcomers (recent college graduates) to assess perceived usefulness of 7 types of information and the extent to which they had passively and actively obtained them. Finds information was obtained actively through monitoring…

Discusses the role of observation in participative learning activities and describes methods to increase observation skills. Purposes of observing are discussed in relation to strategies followed by facilitators; categories of observation are described; methods of recording are examined; and training exercises for observational skills development…

Clinical scholarship begins with reflective observation of patients but differs from clinical research. It results in knowing based on informed, intelligent, and clinically grounded analysis. It is a more appropriate approach for some kinds of problems. (SK)

The role of occlusion configurations in binocular vision was studied in 4 experiments with 10 adult observers. Results reveal that occlusion relationships are sensed during the earliest stages of binocular processing. A simple theoretical framework that unifies fusion, stereopsis, and occlusion is advanced. (SLD)

An asymmetric version of J. Cohen's kappa statistic is presented as an appropriate measure for the agreement between two observers classifying items into nominal categories, when one observer represents the "standard." A numerical example with three categories is provided. (SLD)

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which concerns the effect of observation upon what is observed, is proper to the field of quantum physics, but has been mistakenly adopted and wrongly applied in the realm of naturalistic observation. Discusses the misuse of the principle in the current literature on naturalistic research. (DM)

Six participants in school for students with behavior disorders were shown edited videotapes depicting themselves appropriately engaged in classroom activities. Participants were first exposed to training condition in which both appropriate and inappropriate behaviors of peer were observed or observed/recorded. Participants then observed or…

Discusses the development and results of a naturalistic study of the instructional-design process for three permanent museum exhibits. Examines design goals, design resources, design techniques, constraints such as budget and scheduling, how museum staff makes decisions during the design process, and implications for instructional designers.…

Advocates an approach to observation of young children in nurseries that takes into account the emotional and cognitive domains of observer and the observer in communication with the entire nursery system. Notes that in this approach, observation becomes a source of reflection that involves psychological and pedagogical states of uncertainty and…

Describes the rule structure within which 3- to 5-year-olds operate as they develop social pretend skills. Identifies implicit and explicit rules supported with narrative excerpts. Explicit rules include having a leader who suggests the plot, asking to play, taking a role in the pretend sequence, and playing fairly. Implicit rules include…