Analyzed issues involved in making time pass as quickly as possible, a major difficulty facing draftees during initiation into the army. Using participant observation of basic training in the Israeli Defence Forces, examined cyclical perspective draftees were forced to adopt in place of usual linear one, and various ways they tried to overcome…

Points out that the "English Journal" considers all readers prospective contributors. Lists and discusses the criteria that "English Journal" uses to judge manuscripts that purport to describe effective classroom practices. (ARH)

The purpose and value of teacher observation is diminished if the post-observation conference is not well planned and productive. The observer must take into account the setting, the tone, and the messages conveyed. Includes advice on questioning strategies, data sharing, focusing strategies, and closure strategies. (Author/MD)

Teacher educators need to consider preservice teachers' observational strategies and their level of skill in using them in unguided field experience settings. Suggestions for helping teacher candidates to choose strategies appropriately, to identify what to look for, and to observe with accuracy are offered. (MT)

Two experiments show that performance impairment after failure can occur in different ways, depending on the goals, values, self-perception, sex, presence of an observer, and other attributional tendencies of the individual responding to that failure. (JAZ)

This article reports the results of a study of 25 second-grade students' conceptions of art. The study used a combination of participant observation, questionnaires, and interviews. Concludes that second graders generally like art and conceive of it as an activity, a place, and as an object. (JDH)

This paper discusses what the four preceeding papers in this journal have in common and where they differ. All look at William Bennett's lesson on Federalist Paper No. 10 from different perspectives. (MT)

This study uses Henry Mintzberg's structural observation method to examine British primary school head teachers' work patterns and determine the nature of their role. Head teachers' days were characterized by brevity, variety, and fragmentation similar to those discussed in findings of other empirical managerial studies. Leadership roles stressed…

Presents the social facilitation paradigm as a useful model for predicting positive and negative effects of supervision observation on the performance of counselors. Describes some recent studies that have attempted to test this paradigm in actual counseling studies and offers some suggestions for future research. (LLL)

Examined developmental patterns in children's attempts to regulate their expressive behavior in a mildly conflictful situation where they expected to receive a desirable reward but in fact received an undesirable one. Major findings included significant age by sex interactions. (Author/RH)

The present article reviews the procedures that have been developed for measuring the reliability of human observers' judgments when making direct observations of behavior. These include the percentage of agreement, Cohen's Kappa, phi, and univariate and multivariate agreement measures that are based on quasi-equiprobability and quasi-independence…

Employed contextual analysis to examine the meaning of touches reported in daily interaction. Found 18 categories of meanings of touch such as support, appreciation, inclusion, greeting, departure, attention-getting, etc. Discusses results in terms of the nature of tactile communication, comparing results with past research. (PD)

Reports on a study in which an observation technique used to show differences in the communicative orientation of second language classroom interaction was pilot-tested in a variety of instructional settings. The technique was found to be sensitive to the differences in the communication orientations of the four types of classes observed. (SED)

Includes descriptions of a fact-finding exercise using classmates' wallets; a crossword puzzle to heighten language awareness; and a description of a program which teaches students to analyze current events and issues in light of history. (HTH)

Discusses instructional strategies that help students make and differentiate between observations and inferences, including the use of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation processes. Suggests that early activities focus on analytical procedures in such a way that they can be explained in terms of facts and principles that students will readily…