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Carpenter, Bob; Gelman, Andrew; Hoffman, Matthew D.; Lee, Daniel; Goodrich, Ben; Betancourt, Michael; Brubaker, Marcus A.; Guo, Jiqiang; Li, Peter; Riddell, Allen – Grantee Submission, 2017
Stan is a probabilistic programming language for specifying statistical models. A Stan program imperatively defines a log probability function over parameters conditioned on specified data and constants. As of version 2.14.0, Stan provides full Bayesian inference for continuous-variable models through Markov chain Monte Carlo methods such as the…
Descriptors: Programming Languages, Probability, Bayesian Statistics, Monte Carlo Methods
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Liu, Yang; Yang, Ji Seung – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2018
The uncertainty arising from item parameter estimation is often not negligible and must be accounted for when calculating latent variable (LV) scores in item response theory (IRT). It is particularly so when the calibration sample size is limited and/or the calibration IRT model is complex. In the current work, we treat two-stage IRT scoring as a…
Descriptors: Intervals, Scores, Item Response Theory, Bayesian Statistics
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Case, Catherine; Jacobbe, Tim – Statistics Education Research Journal, 2018
Although hypothesis testing is ubiquitous in data analysis, research suggests it is commonly misunderstood. Simulation-based inference methods have potential to make student thinking visible, thus providing a valuable lens to analyze developing conceptions about inference. This paper identifies difficulties made visible through simulation-based…
Descriptors: Statistics, Statistical Inference, Logical Thinking, Introductory Courses
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Hitchcock, John H.; Johnson, R. Burke; Schoonenboom, Judith – Research in the Schools, 2018
The central purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the many ways in which special educators can generate and think about causal inference to inform policy and practice. Consideration of causality across different lenses can be carried out by engaging in multiple method and mixed methods ways of thinking about inference. This article…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Statistical Inference, Special Education, Educational Research
Peng Ding; Fan Li – Grantee Submission, 2018
Inferring causal effects of treatments is a central goal in many disciplines. The potential outcomes framework is a main statistical approach to causal inference, in which a causal effect is defined as a comparison of the potential outcomes of the same units under different treatment conditions. Because for each unit at most one of the potential…
Descriptors: Attribution Theory, Causal Models, Statistical Inference, Research Problems
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Padilla, Miguel A.; Divers, Jasmin – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2016
Coefficient omega and alpha are both measures of the composite reliability for a set of items. Unlike coefficient alpha, coefficient omega remains unbiased with congeneric items with uncorrelated errors. Despite this ability, coefficient omega is not as widely used and cited in the literature as coefficient alpha. Reasons for coefficient omega's…
Descriptors: Reliability, Computation, Statistical Analysis, Comparative Analysis
Natesan, Prathiba; Hedges, Larry V. – Grantee Submission, 2016
Although immediacy is one of the necessary criteria to show strong evidence of a causal relation in SCDs, no inferential statistical tool is currently used to demonstrate it. We propose a Bayesian unknown change-point model to investigate and quantify immediacy in SCD analysis. Unlike visual analysis that considers only 3-5 observations in…
Descriptors: Bayesian Statistics, Statistical Inference, Research Design, Models
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White, Patrick; Gorard, Stephen – Statistics Education Research Journal, 2017
Recent concerns about a shortage of capacity for statistical and numerical analysis skills among social science students and researchers have prompted a range of initiatives aiming to improve teaching in this area. However, these projects have rarely re-evaluated the content of what is taught to students and have instead focussed primarily on…
Descriptors: Statistical Inference, Statistics, Teaching Methods, Social Science Research
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Bakker, Arthur; Ben-Zvi, Dani; Makar, Katie – Mathematics Education Research Journal, 2017
To understand how statistical and other types of reasoning are coordinated with actions to reduce uncertainty, we conducted a case study in vocational education that involved statistical hypothesis testing. We analyzed an intern's research project in a hospital laboratory in which reducing uncertainties was crucial to make a valid statistical…
Descriptors: Statistical Inference, Case Studies, Statistics, Hypothesis Testing
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Silva, R. M.; Guan, Y.; Swartz, T. B. – Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 2017
This paper attempts to bridge the gap between classical test theory and item response theory. It is demonstrated that the familiar and popular statistics used in classical test theory can be translated into a Bayesian framework where all of the advantages of the Bayesian paradigm can be realized. In particular, prior opinion can be introduced and…
Descriptors: Item Response Theory, Bayesian Statistics, Test Construction, Markov Processes
Fan Yang; Peng Ding – Grantee Submission, 2018
In some randomized clinical trials, patients may die before the measurements of their outcomes. Even though randomization generates comparable treatment and control groups, the remaining survivors often differ significantly in background variables that are prognostic to the outcomes. This is called the truncation by death problem. Under the…
Descriptors: Randomized Controlled Trials, Medical Research, Patients, Death
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Paek, Insu – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2016
The effect of guessing on the point estimate of coefficient alpha has been studied in the literature, but the impact of guessing and its interactions with other test characteristics on the interval estimators for coefficient alpha has not been fully investigated. This study examined the impact of guessing and its interactions with other test…
Descriptors: Guessing (Tests), Computation, Statistical Analysis, Test Length
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García-Pérez, Miguel A. – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2017
Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) has been the subject of debate for decades and alternative approaches to data analysis have been proposed. This article addresses this debate from the perspective of scientific inquiry and inference. Inference is an inverse problem and application of statistical methods cannot reveal whether effects…
Descriptors: Hypothesis Testing, Statistical Inference, Effect Size, Bayesian Statistics
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Doerr, Helen M.; Delmas, Robert; Makar, Katie – Statistics Education Research Journal, 2017
Teaching from an informal statistical inference perspective can address the challenge of teaching statistics in a coherent way. We argue that activities that promote model-based reasoning address two additional challenges: providing a coherent sequence of topics and promoting the application of knowledge to novel situations. We take a models and…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Elementary School Students, Statistical Inference, Logical Thinking
Cain, Meghan K.; Zhang, Zhiyong; Yuan, Ke-Hai – Grantee Submission, 2017
Nonnormality of univariate data has been extensively examined previously (Blanca et al., 2013; Micceri, 1989). However, less is known of the potential nonnormality of multivariate data although multivariate analysis is commonly used in psychological and educational research. Using univariate and multivariate skewness and kurtosis as measures of…
Descriptors: Multivariate Analysis, Probability, Statistical Distributions, Psychological Studies
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