This article is the second in a series of three articles about academic fraud. The first, "Diploma Mills and Counterfeit Operations, Part 1" by Allen Ezell College and University v94 n3 Sum 2019 described the history and growth of diploma mills and counterfeit operations. This article provides an in-depth look at the operations of the…

Over the last 2 decades, policymakers' standards-based accountability reforms in the United States, such as the No Child Left Behind Act, have fundamentally changed public schooling in general and kindergarten specifically. As this has occurred, little is known about how families make sense of these changes in schooling. By sharing findings from a…

Undocumented students are barred from accessing financial aid and face enormous obstacles in completing college (Gonzales, 2009). However, in 2011, California passed the California DREAM Act that granted undocumented students access to state financial aid (California Student Aid Commission, 2016). The purpose of this study was to examine the…

Despite numerous education reform efforts, disparities between more privileged students and students from marginalized and minoritized groups still persist in U.S. education. The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) passed in 2015 indicates greater commitment of the federal government to advancing equity in education and gives state educational…

Paraprofessional training is essential for high quality special education services. Yet, educators may struggle to select appropriate materials for paraprofessional training. A review was conducted of 26 paraprofessional training materials using a rubric designed to evaluate the alignment with federal legislation and professional standards, and…

This study shares the results of a five-year effort to implement a school turnaround model facilitated through an unprecedented university-public school partnership. The high needs Hispanic majority demographic makeup of the public-school district amplifies the importance of this work.

Special education has been the subject of many rulings in federal courts. These rulings have greatly affected the practice of special education. The most important of these cases have come from the U.S. Supreme Court, which thus far has heard 12 cases directly affecting special education. This article examines the most important of these special…

Bullying is a label or word often considered a subset of aggressive behavior distinguished from other forms of aggression because it occurs repeatedly and involves individuals of unequal power (Frey et al., 2005; Olweus, 1993a). Despite researchers' efforts at establishing a uniform definition, others continue to attribute other meanings to the…

The "Every Student Succeeds Act" requires that student's test scores be disaggregated by racial characteristics. Nevertheless, the author's recent study suggests that K-12 school principals may not intentionally think about race when they collect, interpret, analyze, and make decisions about data. By not disaggregating data by race,…

One of the stated purposes of this Special Issue is to "discuss when and why intelligence has disappeared" in education. In this paper, I argue that intelligence is still heavily involved in public education in the United States due to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Moreover, due to several factors, including…

Reviews of published research indicate only a 33% median success rate of complex systems change initiatives. This lack of uptake is becoming known as implementation failure. Social emotional interventions with infants and young children and their caregivers also have a history of high attrition rates, putting efforts focused on this area at high…

Eleven states have worked with CIID, over the past three years, to integrate their IDEA data and to implement Generate, a software application that improves data quality and automates reporting through standardization. These eleven states have realized notable data quality improvements that will be shared in this brief to help states across the…

Although the nature of higher education and the students we serve have drastically changed since the passage of the 1965 Higher Education Act, little has changed regarding the award and disbursement of financial aid. In 1965, the typical college student was likely between 18 and 21 years old, living on campus, and a full-time student. In contrast,…

In this update to the National Technical Assistance Center for the Education of Neglected or Delinquent Children and Youth's (NDTAC's) 2006 issue brief on family involvement, the evolving definition of family and the compelling reasons for family engagement are explored. Further, promising advances in the field and innovative ways in which systems…

In the years following high school, youth, including youth with extensive support needs, aspire to pursue a range of personally important experiences, such as attending postsecondary education programs, obtaining competitive employment, and living independently. However, the level of disability continues to be a powerful predictor of the degree to…