A "SELF-COUNSELING MANUAL" WAS DEVELOPED TO REPLACE THE STANDARD PERSONAL PRECOLLEGE COUNSELING INTERVIEW. A BRANCHING PROGRAMED TEXT PRESENTED THE FOLLOWING TOPICS TO HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS WHO HAD TAKEN A BATTERY OF ADMISSIONS, GUIDANCE, AND PLACEMENT TESTS--(1) YOUR TEST RESULTS AND SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT, (2) AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION…

Two-hour semi-structured interviews were conducted with a heterogeneous group of psychotherapists to investigate their experience of therapeutic practice, and in particular to study the phenomenon of emotional and physical exhaustion known as "burnout," in which professionals lose all concern, all emotional feelings for the persons with…

The theoretical and research literature on women in treatment has increased over the past two decades as a result of the growing concern about the appropriateness and adequacy of mental-health services for women. This annotated bibliography, in six sections, is a response to the need to survey, organize, and abstract this new body of literature.…

This article reviews the literature concerning the use of seclusion in psychiatric treatment facilities during the last 15 years. Following a brief historical summary of how seclusive techniques have been used in psychiatric treatment, recent literature is presented on: (1) demographic and statistical data; (2) theoretical justifications; (3)…

There are problems in using the traditional approaches of psychotherapy with various ethnic minority and national groups in the United States. Mental health practitioners, besides making errors in diagnosis, may also be handicapped in developing a therapeutic relationship with the patient. Numerous studies indicate that sociocultural factors tend…

In this study, the task was to analyze the separate effects of contingent reinforcement (money) and monitoring (counting) on the frequency of responses indicative of anxiety. Observed (physiological) and introspective (covert statements about experiencing anxiety) were used to determine the effects of reinforcement and monitoring on anxiety prone…

This article is primarily written for beginning therapists, paraprofessionals, and interested students. The following questions are discussed: (1) Who are therapists?; (2) What do therapists do?; (3) Why do people become therapists?; and (4) What are the characteristics of "good" therapists? The continuum of therapists is examined, ranging from…

Rhetorical activity is fundamental to the process of psychotherapy. This paper discusses a study of the consistent use of rhetorical strategies in distinctly different forms of psychotherapy as an initial step in analyzing the effectiveness or failure of therapeutic situations. The data for this two-part study consisted of eleven hours of…

Major problem areas in evaluating token economies for psychiatric inpatients are identified and discussed. Three categories of methodological deficiencies frequently encountered in the token economy literature are described: (1) inadequate specification of treatment procedures; (2) insufficient or inadequately described dependent measures; and (3)…

This study explores the possibilities of graphotherapy, which uses handwriting analysis and instruction to change or improve such character traits as self-concept. Three fourth-grade classes were involved, one as the experimental group and the other two as controls. A pretest ascertained self-concept, as well as physical handwriting changes that…

This study explores counseling preferences of college students and their relationship to students' sex, major, and year in school. A questionnaire (Direction-Unconscious Motivation Scale) designed to assess attitudes toward psychoanalytic, behavioral therapy and client-centered counseling approaches was given to 683 volunteers who were students at…

The author considers group therapy as one of the most appropriate approaches to help psychotic patients, especially schizophrenics. He advocates the formation of four graded groups of patients based on the seriousness of their problems. The first is an intake group formed of newly admitted patients. Interaction in a group situation provides the…

Bibliotherapy is defined as "a process of dynamic interaction between the reader and literature--interaction which may be utilized for personality assessment, adjustment, and growth." A review of the literature dealing with bibliotherapy and a discussion of its uses are contained in this paper. The review indicates that bibliotherapy, if properly…

This paper reviews the results of three investigations of the effects of marathon Gestalt workshops on the measured self-actualization of volunteer, college student participants. In the first study, 10 students participated in a weekend workshop at the university counseling center. Subjects completed the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) before…

The construct life style was used by Alfred Adler to describe the characteristic way in which individuals act and think. Followers of his theories are now collecting evidence to support or validate his contentions. The assessment of client life styles serves: (1) to make the client aware of his misconceptions, (2) as a reference point for therapy,…