To highlight some of the issues involved in science and social advocacy, a case study describing active advocacy by social scientists in the area of mental retardation is presented. From the identification of a social problem, through the selection of the means of solution, the social scientist faces ethical decisions. (RM)

Four goals for a humanistic approach to athletics are: (1) elevating perception of students' physical abilities to improve self-esteem; (2) encouraging self-actualization; (3) contributing to self-understanding; and (4) improving interpersonal relationships. Implications of these objectives for team management, competition, and the attitudes of…

Among Northern Irish secondary school students, science specialists performed better on tests of cognition and of knowledge in the arts and sciences, showed greater interest in theoretical and economic values, and had lower neuroticism and higher psychoticism scores than arts specialists. Arts specialists endorsed more aesthetic, social, and…

Studied the work and leisure attitudes of college students (N=516), who took the Work Orientation Scale and Leisure Orientation Scale. Found that leisure orientation was stronger than work orientation. Recreation majors had the highest leisure orientation, while undecided majors had the lowest work orientation, raising implications for career…

Concern for ethics in librarianship is discussed in terms of efforts to clarify attitudes and establish principles of ethical behavior. Attention is directed toward ethics and the need for value judgements in academic librarianship in three areas--honesty, professional integrity, and respect for people. Eleven sources are included. (EJS)

Three factors were identified as most important in explaining the nonratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): (1) the low support for the amendment among politically influential groups; (2) the uneven geographic distribution of ERA support; and (3) the association between ERA opposition and a broader right-wing backlash. (Author/RM)

Democracy is a weak and obscure ideal. It is often reasonable to defer to authority, give and take orders, and accept expertise. Pupils must learn to discuss as equals and to give and take orders as superiors and subordinates. Calling the former democratic and the latter authoritarian clarifies nothing. (SR)

Measured the effect of confidentiality, parental influence, and peer influence on the moral judgment of ninth-grade students (N=274). Participants completed the Defining Issues Test and were told results would be either confidential or shared with parents or peers. Results suggest the moral judgment of ninth graders is not stable. (JAC)

Identity is the complex way a person identifies with, and is identified by, his environment. Multiple identities result from the many ways a person has been successfully identified. Identities coexist; sometimes the dominance of one over others becomes evident, and a vertical structure of identities arises. (CS)

A disciplined understanding of human values is seen as an essential complement to the biomedical and psychosocial components of clinical training in medical education. A biopsycho-ethical model for medical education is presented. By combining interdisciplinary seminars with clinical experience, both the rigor and relevance of value analysis are…

It is observed that four basic sets of values, or orientations, characterize modern society's expectations: justice, competence, liberty, and loyalty. Six principles are outlined that suggest how the structuring of systems can reduce the conflict among those values. (MSE)

Economic philosophies, coupled with ignorance concerning biological and psychological attributes of handicapped and gifted students, have hampered and thwarted educational opportunities. However, because of technological development, a change in societal values, and the drive for freedom and equality, educators now have the opportunity to provide…

Three aspects of teacher preparation in the Soviet Union are discussed: (1) organization of teacher education; (2) social philosophy of the state and school; and (3) scientific-technological revolution. A relationship is shown between teacher preparation programs and social values in the USSR. (CJ)

In this paper, a psychologist comments on "Philosophy and Education: Eightieth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education." Criticisms of the yearbook's essays concern failure to appreciate the importance of how to teach (as well as content), the need for evaluation, the significance of real teaching conditions, and the…

This article describes the work of two teachers who taught in St. George, Utah, in the latter third of the nineteenth century. The teaching methods, educational objectives, classroom techniques, and curriculum used by Martha Cox and Richard S. Horne illustrate the "uneven mixture" of personal, societal, and cultural goals present during…