Conjunctions facilitate text cohesion and comprehension by making explicit the logical relationships between ideas in written language. Conjunctions may be challenging for English language learners (ELLs) because of their novel, abstract, and text-connecting role. In this longitudinal study we aimed to clarify the connections among comprehension…

Background: In children, internalizing and externalizing problems impact on learning. However, there is limited research on the specific impact of such problems on spatial working memory (SWM), strongly related to cognitive ability and children's learning. Aims: We explored distinct trajectories of internalizing problems and externalizing problems…

The relationship between mathematics and spatial reasoning is well established and extensively researched. Certain mathematics content could be deemed explicitly spatial, for example within geometry. However, the link to spatial reasoning extends into other areas of mathematics, such as representations of the number line and reading and…

This study investigated the relationship among academic self-concept, social support, and college adjustment of first-year college students enrolling at a Hispanic Serving Institution in the southwestern United States. A total of 496 first-year undergraduate students (291 females, 205 males) participated in the study. Results indicated that being…

This study examined the longitudinal relationship between early handwriting skills and the growth of spelling and reading skills in a large sample (N = 569) of 5- to 6-year-old children unselected for ability. The quality of children's handwriting was assessed using five indicators (letter form, slant, rhythm, ability, general appearance).…

Purpose: Our 1-year longitudinal study tracked the development of cognate awareness among second (L2) and third language (L3) learners of French in French immersion in Grades 1 and 2 to explore the impact of orthographic overlap and cognate status (true vs. false) on children's ability to recognize cognate relationships. We also assessed the…

For educators to help children exposed to adverse life experiences, it is necessary to understand how adversity impacts different mechanisms of learning, emotion, and planning as these capacities underpin success in schools and beyond. The goal of this paper is to review essential findings on how early life adversity transforms the brain which, in…

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of landmarks on learning basketball lay-up in beginners. Twenty-seven females (age = 20.30 ± 0.24 years, height = 164.37 ± 0.53 cm) participated in this study. They were assigned to three groups: no landmark group, colored landmark group, and black and white landmark group. All participants…

Preschoolers' repeating patterning knowledge is predictive of their concurrent and later math and numeracy knowledge, but strong experimental evidence is needed to determine if these relations are causal. The purpose of the current Study was to examine the causal effects of repeating patterning and numeracy tutoring on repeating patterning,…

The number of multilingual students is increasing every year in the U.S. educational institutions. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES), the number of international students in the United States has doubled in the past ten years, from 547,873 in 2000-2001 to 1,095,299 students in 2018-2019 (NCES, 2021). This rise…

Humans perceptually extract quantity information from our environments, be it from simple stimuli in isolation, or from relational magnitudes formed by taking ratios of pairs of simple stimuli. Some have proposed that these two types of magnitude are processed by a common system, whereas others have proposed separate systems. To test these…

The purpose of this qualitative, descriptive, single-case study was to explore educators' perceptions and uses of strategies to support 5th-grade middle school students' basic psychological needs for relatedness in the Southeastern region of the United States, because it was not known how educators perceived and used strategies to support…

Ensuring that students are reading on grade level by third grade is a critical factor that is correlated with future success both in the classroom and in future career and earnings potential for each child (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2012 ; Sum et al., 2009). National data focused on the number of students reading below grade level depicts an…

Many American children live in poverty in the United States and struggle daily with seven basic resource deprivations that represent the constructs of this study. The constructs are: "health and nutrition, vocabulary, effort and energy, mindset, cognitive capacity, relationships, and stress" (Jensen, 2013a, p. 8). The purpose of this…

Spatial reasoning is a gatekeeping skill for students. With it, the invisible scales of the universe become objects of wonder and curiosity in your mind's eye. Without it, students struggle to understand the mechanics of the natural world. Spatial thinking is a key science practice, and the body of literature on spatial ability, spatial learning…