This booklet is one of the ten in the series "Experiences in Mathematical Discovery", produced by the General Mathematics Writing Project of the NCTM. Each is designed for use by students of ninth-grade general mathematics. The discussion and problems are designed to guide the student through an understanding of: 1) fractions, 2) equivalent…

This bulletin provides a review of research related to teaching mathematics to disadvantaged students at the elementary school level. The review is organized around a set of questions which are appropriate to ask in relation to disadvantaged students. These questions include: 1) What is the mathematical status of the environmentally disadvantaged?…

The development and implementation of a behavior modification plan based on token learning schemes is described for use in teaching basic computational skills to low ability, poorly motivated fifth graders. The token system with its reward schedule is outlined; reinforcing activities such as team games, quizzes, and drills are discussed. A brief…

Youth Tutoring Youth is a cross-age tutoring program which emphasizes both academic and interpersonal elements. A training manual and three booklets for the tutor are included. (A supervisor's manual was processed into the ERIC system earlier under number ED 034 247). The program is geared toward the development of positive self concepts by both…

A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED OF THE DIFFERENCES AMONG PUPILS OF DIFFERING ABILITY LEVELS BOTH IN PROGRESS AND ACHIEVEMENT. A COMPARISON OF THESE DIFFERENCES WAS THEN MADE WITH THOSE USING CONVENTIONAL INSTRUCTION PROGRAMS. TWENTY-THREE HYPOTHESES WERE TESTED TO DETERMINE IF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES EXISTED AMONG LOW-, AVERAGE-, AND HIGH-ABILITY STUDENTS…

Separate simultaneous equations models for the educational process for high and low achievers are estimated with two stage least squares for a sample of the 12th grade Coleman data. The nine observed endogenous variables concern cognitive, non-cognitive, and attitudinal factors. The 48 exogenous variables concern demographic, home, peer, teacher,…

Reviews and criticizes literature on the deficiencies of poor readers. (HOD)

This study indicates that students in city schools who themselves come from disadvantaged backgrounds are far less likely than those in any other type of community to enjoy the advantages of a school whose income and achievement are at the high or medium level. (Author/AM)

Reviews problems associated with the science education of less able and low motivated students. (SL)

Tests the claims of proponents of invented spelling by comparing the progress of children encouraged to use invented spelling with those encouraged to use traditional spelling in their creative writing. (RAE)

Studies confirm the educational advantages and cost-effectiveness of high-quality early childhood programs and have made more persuasive the argument for developing such programs. The most important determinants of such programs are: group size, qualifications and training of staff, stability of care, and adult-child ratio. (MD)

A psychologist who has helped gifted elementary and secondary students reverse cycles of underachievement defines the problem, identifies home origins of underachievement, and describes examples of parental interactions that foster underachievement. (MC)

This study investigated differences in patterns of governance policies, practices, and attitudes between higher and lower performing urban Ohio school districts. Public domain data included official district records, state documents, and newspaper articles. Case studies of four districts found that districts were similar on the DeRolph v. State of…

This paper examines problems in U.S. English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) programs, focusing on the stories of three Chinese ESL learners from immigrant families. All three of these people had been long-term ESL students in New York City (they had been enrolled in ESL programs for 4-8 years but had not mastered the cognitive and academic skills in…

This monograph in the Urban Diversity Series takes an in-depth look at the nature of academic achievement gaps and the efforts since the 1960s to close these gaps. The monograph provides a comprehensive analysis of achievement data from pre-school through higher education. It concludes with recommendations for developing evidence-based educational…