Patterns of learning by five infants with Down's syndrome (3.5 to 12.5 months old) were studied. The children were visited at home 2 to 3 times per week for periods ranging from 1 to 8 months. Two of the children were reinforced for pulling a string attached around their wrist. Consequences included tape recordings of music or their mother's…

Ten papers contributed by school psychologists or university educators working with school psychology programs review psychological theory and research on behavioral strategies for psychological intervention. Following an overview on the effective use of behavior modification in the school, nine behavior change methods are examined in terms of…

An 11-year-old spastic quadriplegic girl functioning at the profound level of mental retardation was exposed to contingent reinforcement for holding her head in an upright position. The subject, who had minimal voluntary movement and had to be properly positioned to inhibit abnormal reflex patterns, was observed while prone over a wedge bolster…

Based on the assumption that truancy is a discrete form of behavior alterable by manipulation, rather than just a symptom of some underlying problem, an experiment among ninth graders investigated the effect of contingency management (using rewards to effect behavior changes) on truancy. Identification of habitual truants to participate in the…

Described are the principles and procedures of Project ADVANCE (Alternate Design for Vocational and Necessary Cognitive Education), a behavior modification program for severely emotionally disturbed children (14 to 20 years old). Among program components are contingency management contracts, a highly structured token economy, the educational team…

This research was undertaken to determine whether monitoring by peers, self, or teacher would produce the most effective contingency management program. (RC)

This bulletin describes a set of general guidelines for developing contingency plans that prepare school systems to cope with expected and unexpected disruptions in the educational process. Typically, contingency plans are prepared to anticipate consequences of school desegregation, natural disasters, bomb threats, or mass demonstrations. The…

Fundamentally, negotiation is a process for making decisions and is rhetorical since it is open to view and to rhetorical constructs. The rhetorical construct related to negotiation is invention, the finding of the materials, the arguments, for the discourse. For cross-cultural negotiation, one must display empathy for the varying cultures,…

Presented is an annotated bibliography with approximately 100 citations (1972-1976) on teaching methods and programs for the emotionally disturbed. Entries are arranged by accession number and usually include the following information: author, title, date, source, pagination, availability (including Educational Resources Information Center number…

A structured, student-centered approach to teaching hyperactive, emotionally disturbed children involves a contingency between instructional activities and play-time that is gradually faded out. During the instructional phase, behavior modification techniques are applied to shift students' behavior from external to internal control. Therapeutic…

Examined in two studies--one involving three developmentally retarded children, the other involving two first grade children--were strategies for promoting transfer of newly acquired skills from a structured, one-to-one tutoring setting to an unstructured setting where children work independently. Before generalization training was begun, little…

A study involving 7 multiply handicapped students (6-13 years old) was conducted to shape appropriate classroom social behaviors and to maintain them with little social approval, to examine what effects reprimands had on student behavior, and to see if combination of reprimands and praise could result in good classroom behavior when reprimands…

The ability of aversive conditioning and contingency management to control smoking was compared. Although contingency management was more effective in the short run, at a six-month follow-up treatment effects were no longer evident. (SE)

The article describes a program in which paraprofessionals taught behavior modification contingency management techniques to parents of developmentally disabled children who lived beyond the range of the community residential facility. (DLS)