Researchers assessed the stability of individuals' perceptions of occupational titles and then tested whether Holland's spatial model, Prediger's dimensional model, or Gati's classificatory model could be identified in the data. Findings are discussed in light of previous research and suggest the stability of the occupational perceptual structure.…

Reviewed clinical records and test data for 103 children ages 4 to 5 years old who had been tested with the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition. Children were tested for multidisciplinary evaluation of developmental problems. Results suggest need for caution in using area score differences or subtest strengths or weaknesses to…

Executive functions (EF) are a group of interrelated complex mental abilities that are involved in planning and initiating goals and carrying them through despite interruptions. As these functions are typically higher-order and involved in integrating other, more basic, lower-order functions, they are difficult to assess directly, and executive…

Objective: To investigate single and combined effects of stimulant medication and contingencies on the performance of ADHD children with tasks involving different cognitive demands. Method: Children diagnosed with ADHD participated in a within-subjects design. At two separate sessions, children on either medication or placebo (administered in a…

The article presents the feature sampling signal detection (FS-SDT) model, an extension of the multivariate signal detection (SDT) model. The FS-SDT model assumes that, because of attentional shifts, different subsets of features are sampled for different presentations of the same multidimensional stimulus. Contrary to the SDT model, the FS-SDT…

Great controversy exists on whether associative learning occurs without awareness. In Experiment 1, 31 participants received discrimination training by repeated presentations of two stimulus sequences (S1[subscript A] right arrow S2[subscript A], and S1[subscript B] right arrow S2[subscript B]), S1 being a masked stimulus. S2 were imperative…

Three experiments investigated whether participants used Take The Best (TTB) Configural, a fast and frugal heuristic that processes configurations of cues when making inferences concerning which of two alternatives has a higher criterion value. Participants were presented with a compound cue that was nonlinearly separable from its elements. The…

A format account is given of the structure of conversational domains. A procedure is described which permits the construction of representations of the domains of tutorial conversations (knowledge structures) together with an account of the use of the procedure for structuring academic subject matters. (Author)

Models for cognitive diagnosis have been developed as an attempt to provide more than a single test score from item response data. Most approaches are based on a hypothesis that relates items to underlying skills. This relation takes the form of a design matrix that specifies for each cognitive item which skills are required to solve the item and…

In efforts to clarify ambiguity in the scoring directions for part of the WISC, 100 children were given the test which was scored by two sets of criteria. Four sets of data were analyzed, with significant discrepancies apparent only between Verbal-Performance correlations secured by Wechsler in his standardization of the WISC and those secured in…

A discussion of models of intellectual development and their application to education identifies the two major groups of such models and examines recent attempts to combine them. The two types of theories are described as the psychometric models, which see intellectual growth as the incremental amassing and associating of discrete ideas, and the…

AT PRESENT, ROLE THEORY IS MOVING TOWARD A MORE EMINENT POSITION IN SOCIOLOGY. ROLE THEORY HAS DEFINITE AND BASIC DISTINCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PERSONS, NUMBER, BACKGROUND, CHARACTERISTICS, AND COGNITIONS. THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH IN THE ROLE AREA ARE PRESENTED. FOCUS IS ON THE PREVIOUS USE OF ROLE METHODOLOGY AND…

Suggests an approach to the assessment of children's conservation ability which analyzes the stimulus variables and cognitive performance. The analysis of performance variables focuses on the role of attention. (MP)