The aim of this paper is to identify the mechanisms that relate participation in programs established by Chapter 1 of the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981 to student achievement. It focuses on what happens to students in Chapter 1 programs and how their experiences affect their growth in academic achievement. The paper begins…

This fourth yearbook on research on mathematics teaching in Finland contains five articles, four in English and the fifth in German. "Mathematics as a Cognitive Science" (C. Letteri) examines cognitive aspects related to teaching and learning mathematics, with the focus on the different levels of comprehension and an analysis of basic…

Nineteen junior high school teachers of English, social studies, and mathematics for low-achieving students participated in a study of the process of teacher change resulting from inservice training in effective teaching techniques. The purpose of the training was to increase student time on task and interactive instruction. Participants were…

This study investigated the sustained effects of Project Head Start for disadvantaged, black children in kindergarten and first grade. Participation in Head Start was compared to other forms of preschool experience and no preschool experience for disadvantaged children in two American cities in 1969-1970. Both preprogram background and cognitive…

The Mathematics Improvement Component (MIC) was implemented in the Columbus (Ohio) Public Schools in 1987-88 to improve the skills and achievement levels of pupils who were low achievers in mathematics. Three programs comprised MIC: the Elementary Program, the Middle School Program, and the Middle School Pilot Program. In the first two (nonpilot)…

Possible gender differences in attitudes toward mathematics were studied between low-achieving and high-achieving fifth-grade students in selected elementary schools within a large, metropolitan area. The attitudes of pre-adolescent children at an intermediate grade level were assessed to determine the effects of rapidly emerging gender-related…

The All Day Kindergarten (ADK) Program of the Columbus (Ohio) Public Schools was established to provide a full day of instruction for underachieving kindergarten pupils. The program concentrated on preparing pupils for successful learning experiences in first grade by providing them with an extra half day of instruction. The program served 571…

Reported are data from the initial use of the Motivation Checklist, a rating scale for teachers designed to help them think about student motivation problems in terms of an extended, research-based typology. Over 50 teachers rated 261 students in grades one through six who differed in their level of motivation and in their level of achievement.…

Reading improvement programs that have focused on additional staff for teaching, tutoring, and counseling; prescriptive, self-paced learning methods; unstructured open-education strategies; and intensive reading have often been successful in small towns and middle sized cities, but none has made a major impact on the reading achievement of…

A theory concerning low achievement of student that applies to adult education is developed, based on an interconnection between cognitive and affective domains. A holistic picture of what happens to students may be gained from Piaget's theory of intellectual development, Bloom's hierarchy of cognitive abilities, theories proposing that what…

This document points out the numbers of students who have difficulty in their required college mathematics courses. The four common syndromes identified with pupils who were experiencing a lack of success in mathematics were: (1) a lack of an adequate college or high school background in mathematics; (2) the tendency to feel that because they…

This survey was designed to investigate reading and number work (arithmetic) performance of 7-, 9-, and 11-year-old children attending parish primary schools in Victoria and to compare levels of performance with variables relating to general adjustment, personal variables, home circumstances, and school organization. Subjects, obtained by…

As a supplement to standardized reading tests, the Philadelphia Public School System prepared three parallel sets of reading tests to meet the following criteria: (1) be suitable for grouping secondary pupils within Title I reading classes; (2) be group administered and machine scoreable; (3) be short enough to be administered in one or two…

Sixty college students from classes in educational measurement were divided into two groups. Each group was administered the same criterion test except that one group received feedback after every item and the other received no feedback. The students were also divided into three ability levels. Each test item was classified two ways; by item…

This bulletin provides information on two educational disadvantages of language-minority persons in the United States based on an analysis of data from the nationwide Survey of Income and Education (SIE), conducted in the spring of 1976 by the Bureau of the Census. Language-minority persons were found to be educationally disadvantaged on two key…