This paper reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the likelihood of anti-female bias in performance appraisals. Based on investigative reports, depositions, and eye-witness accounts in the subsequent litigation, four versions of a written scenario were prepared of an actual arrest sequence in which a male training officer was shot, and the…

Research indicates that people do not spontaneously transfer prior clues to solve problems, even though the necessary information is available in memory. To investigate the effects of the symmetry between clue statements and problem statements on problem solving performance, subjects were asked to provide plausible explanations for five…

Nine institutionalized educable retarded children (mean age 12 years) and nine nonretarded children matched for chronological age were tested on a visual backward masking task. (Author)

Distinguishes between two modes of organizational control, personal surveillance (behavior control) and the measurement of outputs (output control). Output control occurs in response to a manager's need to provide legitimate evidence of performance, while behavior control is exerted when means-ends relations are known and appropriate instruction…

The effect of a realistic noise level (typing) on the intellectually challenging task of proofreading was examined. The results indicate noise subjects were poorer at identifying grammatical errors, worked slower and less steadily. (Author/DE)

The present findings fit commonsense expectations that self-control, responsibility, and cognitive caution should go along with subjectively locating past and future close to the present. Performance on a simple time line may reflect some of the intimate relationships between temporal experience and personality. (Author)

This study sought to determine to what extent the setting of university records in objectively measurable performances in track and field, and in swimming, exceeded normal probability during the positive phases of the record setters' biorhythm cycle. According to the biorhythm theory, the positive period of these cycles would be the best times for…

Although scholars have developed and applied various explicit conceptualizations of leadership to the study of educational administration, far less attention has been given to implicit or informal conceptions of leadership. Some recent studies claim that leadership impact on organizational performance is minimal or illusory; others argue that more…

A review of the research studies of individual and small group interaction suggests ideas for enhancing the effectiveness of group performance. The more salient aspects include collaboration, commitment, and interaction of group members. The key seems to be the dynamic role of interaction in the group structure. The degree to which the group…

Perceived locus of causality is an important factor in assessing the impact of prior success or failure on later performance. In order to examine the effects of internal (self) versus external (partner) attributions on subsequent performance, two studies were conducted. In the first study 80 female undergradutes worked on a series of mazes with an…

This paper reviews the literature comparing the perceptual strategies of expert and novice sport/skill performers in ball sports to specifically identify where differences exist. The following comparisons were made: (1) experts attend to fewer, somewhat different visual cues than beginners; (2) experts exhibit an ability to utilize advanced…

In an investigation of 1-year-olds' ability to plan a sequence of steps, 20 infants were administered a compound means-ends problem. In a planning condition, a barrier was placed in front of a cloth at the far end of which was placed one end of a long string. A toy was fastened to the other end of the string and was placed on a table at some…

Recent studies have revealed that 5-year-old children can be induced to produce visually realistic drawings, either by manipulating the nature of the model which is being drawn, or by turning the drawing task into a communicative game. However, it has also been found that 5-year-olds cannot be induced to produce visually realistic drawings merely…

If speech instructors are to teach students to recreate for an audience an author's intellectual and emotional meanings, they must teach them to use human voice effectively. Seven essential elements of effective vocal production that often pose problems for oral interpretation students should be central to any speech training program: (1)…

Discussed are data concerning a simple visuomotor tracking task, especially the expectations and cognitive representations involved in performing such a task. The task consisted in tracking the horizontal displacement of a target spot on the screen by appropriate forearm rotations. Each subject participated in two sessions: first, at a .8 Hz…