This article describes and analyzes the findings of children's observation records of block play with a focus on the wide range of mathematical outcomes resulting from children's block play. To this end, children's mathematical learning was analyzed in five areas: set and classification; pattern and symmetry; number and arithmetic; comparison and…

The inclusion of private events in the philosophy of our science is integral to avoid dualism and remain objective rather than making assumptions about an unseen mind. However, the inclusion of behaviors and stimuli which cannot be observed in an analysis poses obvious issues. One established method of studying covert behavior is to examine tasks…

Emergent-based practices of leadership development (such as intentional emergence (IE), case-in-point, or group relations) rely a great deal on stopping the action in order to publicly notice group behaviors and patterns and connect what is happening authentically to conscious actions and ideas (such as course content, readings, theories, etc.).…

Despite the evidence supporting reciprocal peer observation (RPO) for teacher professional development, extant literature has reported that teacher resistance is a barrier to its implementation. Few studies have analysed the variables that moderate resistance to RPO. Based on data from 394 in-service teachers who participated in an RPO…

This case study is based on qualitative research carried out with four 4-year-old children attending a kindergarten in Malta. The aim of the study was to first observe children playing without adult intervention to see if, and how, they would engage with mathematical ideas as they played. In the second part of the study, I interacted with the…

Instrumental variables is a popular approach for causal inference in education when randomization of treatment is not feasible. Using a first-year college program as a running example, this article reviews the five assumptions that must be met to successfully use instrumental variables to estimate a causal effect with observational data: SUTVA,…

Purpose: Many studies have explored school administrator discretion in the implementation of teacher evaluation and observation systems. However, we are unaware of any studies that quantitatively link discretionary administrator behaviors to student outcomes. The purpose of this study was to (a) explore the determinants of observations arising…

The purpose of this study was to examine the comparability of counts of embedded instruction learning trials when different methods of viewing and recording direct behavioral observations were used. In 13 classrooms, while videotaping embedded instruction implementation for a larger randomized controlled efficacy trial was occurring, teachers'…

The importance of understanding what and how mathematics teachers notice is well documented, but more research is needed on content-specific noticing. In particular, knowing how teachers notice proportional reasoning, a vital topic spanning all grades of mathematics, could inform measures that support students' proportional reasoning. We examined…

This research paper studies the impact of observation techniques in coaching processes in sports, business, and educational settings. In a mixed-methods design, qualitative data through interviews and quantitative data through surveys were collected from a sample of 50 coaches and 100 coachees to conduct both textual and talking analysis along…

Large language models (LLMs) provide cost-effective but possibly inaccurate predictions of human behavior. Despite growing evidence that predicted and observed behavior are often not "interchangeable," there is limited guidance on using LLMs to obtain valid estimates of causal effects and other parameters. We argue that LLM predictions…

Professional vision (PV), which includes the ability to perceive and interpret classroom events, is important for classroom behaviour management, particularly in the training of student teachers. However, to date, few assessment systems that can assess student teachers' professional vision by immersing them in a realistic classroom environment…

Teacher leaders (TLs) play a pivotal role in monitoring and fostering teacher awareness to enhance the quality of teaching practices, particularly in domains like mathematics education. Within the mathematics curriculum across various nations, this monitoring effort has been channelled towards nurturing crucial competencies such as argumentation…

In this study, we sought to identify how feedback about classroom observations affected novice university mathematics instructors' (UMIs) teaching practices. Specifically, we examined how a Red-Yellow-Green feedback system (RYG feedback) affected graduate student instructor (GSI) scores on an observation protocol (GSIOP). The protocol was…

Class phenomena have primary significance for the diagnosis and intervention at both an individual and a whole-class level for school psychologists. Trying to bring undergraduate psychology students closer to class and teaching, a learning experience based on an adaptation of Lesson Study, a professional development method for teachers, was…