Examined the effects of performance cues on descriptions of leader behavior. Results demonstrated that performance cues directly affected subject descriptions of leader initiating structure and consideration. Subject involvement directly affected only subject ratings of consideration. Performance data was a more salient cue for uninvolved…

By having clear expectations and giving support and freedom to a new school district superintendent, this school board achieves a smooth transition and successful first year. Successful superintendents identify and utilize a staff's talents, stay on top of things, have straightforward positions grounded in convictions, and the ability to accept…

Compared the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the WAIS-Revised (WAIS-R) in a sample of college students (N=70). A highly significant test order interaction was found. The WAIS-R will result in significantly higher ability estimates when administered following the WAIS than the WAIS will when following the WAIS-R. (JAC)

Studies the development of creativity (defined as the inclination to transgress the confines of an established perceptual context) in children ages 7 to 11. The main hypothesis, that signs of creativity would decrease at about 7 years of age and increase at about 10 to 11, was partially confirmed. (Author/RH)

Examined uncommon tiredness and its social and performance consequences among college students (N=209). Statistical analyses showed relationships between tiredness and depression, cognitive anxiety, and measures of emotional instability and introversion. Tired students described themselves as more time-pressured by problems and more competitive…

Presents conceptual framework for organization of factors (independent variables) affecting online bibliographic retrieval. Roles that variables play in research studies are described and examples considering various elements--setting, user, request, database, search system, searcher, search process, search outcome--are provided. Twenty-one…

Explored reactions of low, medium, and high self-esteem college students to positive and negative feedback in two studies. Results showed that mood and satisfaction ratings related to feedback but not self-esteem; and attribution following failure feedback source accuracy ratings, and performance improvement related somewhat to feedback and…

The effects of the loudness of background music on task performance of college students was studied. Results indicated that the experimental conditions had no significant effect on task performance; the majority of students did recognize the music; and students in the 80-90 B group perceived the music as most distracting. (Author/IS)

In assessing reflective gaze preference, students were assigned to right-looking, left-looking, or mixed groups. Those with more clearcut preferences were shown to have superior records of athletic achievement, consistent with the model of functional cerebral space which predicts superior simultaneous task performance for more cerebrally…

Provides a general overview of factors affecting foreign language learning, and discusses how they are related to one another. (EKN)

Social comparative information and proximal goals' influence on skillful performance and percepts of self-efficacy were examined in low-achieving children in arithmetic. A significant main effect on perceived efficacy due to proximal goals was found. Problem-solving goals and comparative information treatments together resulted in the highest…

Tested the hypothesis that increased task difficulty elicits more efficient problem-solving strategies from older adults, using "Twenty Questions" tasks with either 64 or 10,000 possible solutions. Although younger adults were more efficient, there was not evidence that task difficulty affected problem-solving for either age group. (Author/JAC)

Investigated effects of differing performance standards (constant or accelerating) on male and female college students' intrinsic motivation in a number guessing task. Found that students with the accelerating standard continued playing the game after the task significantly more than those with a constant standard. (RC)

Replicated within a field setting, a portion of previous findings dealing with negative impacts of situational constraints on worker performance. The presence of inhibiting constraints was associated with higher employee frustration and lower satisfaction scores. (Author/RC)

Examined (1) whether sex differences in achievement patterns are recalled by subjects who were personally involved; (2) whether women and men rely on different causal factors to explain their success or failure; and (3) if the achievement pattern influences causal attributions for success or failure. (Author/GC)