A literature review revealed little empirical research on forgiveness, suggesting the need for a model of forgiveness. The work of both E. M. Pattison and L. B. Smedes was used as a foundation upon which a model was developed involving a four-stage decision making process. The four stages of forgiveness are awareness, change, interaction, and…

This paper examines a project involving teams of teachers, school administrators, and district-level people from Coalition of Essential Schools (CES) member schools. The CES is a high school reform movement devoted to strengthening the learning of students by reforming each school's priorities and simplifying its structure. The common principles…

Consultants' goal is to have clients understand and accept their findings and to use them for constructive reform, yet unwelcomed findings may be dismissed, suppressed, or distorted. There are several strategies which consultants can use to communicate unwelcomed findings. The consultant can prepare the groundwork in the original negotiation of…

An attempt to develop understandings about how individuals experience change within organizational contexts is presented. Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM) research provides background for how evaluation utilization can be defined and why it might be useful to view evaluation as an innovation. A change process-based definition of evaluation…

A chronicle of the surge and wane of efforts of various knowledgeable professional people and public interest groups to force New York City to eradicate lead poisoning in children. (EH)

To respond to changes in the needs of consumers, priorities of funding agencies, and institutional capacity, the Southwest Educational Development Laboratory initiated a planning process involving the laboratory staff and board members as well as educational stakeholders in a seven-state area. The process consisted of three studies, followed by an…

The influence of two of the variables in Leitenberg's graduated exposure technique for treating phobias, graduated exposure and subject control of the exposure time, was investigated using 15 snake-phobic subjects. Subjective fear significantly decreased from pretesting to posttesting. (Author)

The paper suggests the application of a research and development (R and D) process in an ongoing project at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf. Four phases/stages of the process are discussed: research, development, implementation, and maintenance. It is pointed out that the objective of the project has been to train normal hearing…

As the emphasis on the inclusion of evaluation and assessment activities in the development and implementation of various school programs has increased, so has the need to address the question of whether or not these strategies can or do effectively assist in bringing about school change or program improvement. The following are conditions or…

Arguing that professionalism constitutes a method according to which journalism is able to consolidate its position in society and gain the confidence of governments and the public, this paper discusses some theoretical parameters that can serve as a conceptual basis for journalistic professionalization. Noting that according to the sociology of…

This booklet is about planning for citizen involvement; it suggests both a framework and a process for planning, after interest in an idea is evident but before resources for implementation are available. Experience with citizen involvement efforts suggests that successful planning has three elements. The first is a shared vision of potential:…

The theoretical basis for an organizational structure determined by external as well as internal factors--the contingency model--is presented through a consideration of two studies. The current research and speculation which have updated and augmented this theory are also included, and a contingency approach to library organization is justified.…

Too often in American psychology, researchers have sought mastery (explanation) of phenomena through prediction and control, thereby eliminating the problems of interpretation by simply eliminating interpretation. This tactic is in contrast to the interpretive works of psychologists, such as Freud, who expect symbols to have double meanings…

This analysis of selected diffusion and dissemination methods used by developer-demonstrator projects in the National Diffusion Network discusses strategies under the following headings: managing the project, developing materials, disseminating information, conducting awareness sessions, training personnel, using certified trainers, providing…